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bio > 2.2.1-5- bio mols- water+carbohydrates > Flashcards

2.2.1-5- bio mols- water+carbohydrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why is water polar

A
  • oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen so oxygen has a delta negative, and hydrogen has a delta positive
    -negative oxygen on one molecule attracts positive hydrogen on other molecule
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2
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

-form between water molecules
- due to the polarity (opposites attract\0

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3
Q

water as a solvent

A
  • polar
  • so many ions will dissolve in it (attracted to charges)
  • medium for metabolic reactions - allows IONIC compounds to separate
  • transport e.g. nitrates for amino acids. blood+lymph
  • can DILUTE toxic substances
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4
Q

specific heat capacity definition

A
  • amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1 degree c
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5
Q

water as a high specific heat capacity

A
  • many hydrogen bonds
  • lots of thermal energy to break the bonds SO temperature doesnt fluctuate greatly of water
  • internal body temp doesnt fluctuate much (enzymes)
  • little energy needed to maintain habitats ets
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6
Q

advantages of high specific heat capacity

A
  • suitable habitats
  • constant temp (absorbs heat without big temp changes)
  • vital for maintaining enzyme activity
  • water in blood plasma transfers heat around body without warming up a lot
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7
Q

water as a coolant

A
  • large latent heat of vaporisation (many hydrogen bonds require lots of energy to break to change state)
    -ADVANTAGE as little water needs to evaporate for the organism to remove a lot of heat (eg sweat + transpiration)
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8
Q

Cohen and adhesion

A
  • hydrogen bonds between water molecules
  • continuous columns of water move through xylem in plants and blood vessels in animals
  • and can bond to other molecules eg cellulose (Adhesion)
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9
Q

surface tension

A
  • body of water meets air
  • hydrogen bonds occur on top layer, so insects can float
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10
Q

monomer defintion

A

smaller units that join together to make up larger molecules

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11
Q

polymer defintion

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain

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12
Q

macromolecules

A

VERY LARGE
1000+ ATOMS

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13
Q

Condensation reaction

A
  • monomers combine together to form polymers and WATER IS REMOVED
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14
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A
  • covalent bonds are broken when water is added
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15
Q

elements in carbs

A

C,H,O

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16
Q

elements in lipids

A

C,H,O

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17
Q

elements in proteins

A

C,H,O,N,S

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18
Q

water is x% of body

A

60-70

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19
Q

hexose

A

6 carbons

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20
Q

glucose solubility

A

SOLUBLE- easily transported

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21
Q

glycosidic bonds

A
  • join monosaccharides
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22
Q

condensation reactionbetween glucose

A
  • hydrogen bonds to an OH
  • releases water
  • forms a glycosidic bond C-O-C
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23
Q

hydrolysis

A
  • molecule of water reacts with glycosidic bond
  • breaks it apart
24
Q

maltose

A

DISACCHARIDE
- alpha glucose x2

25
Q

sucrose

A

DISACCHARIDE
- alpha glucose + fructose

26
Q

lactose

A

DISACCHARIDE
- either a or b glucose + galactose

27
Q

type of bond in maltose

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond

28
Q

starch purpose

A

PLANT store of energy
- broken down to glucose

29
Q

starch is made of

A
  • mixture of 2 polysaccharides of alpha glucose, amylose and amylopectin
30
Q

amylose

A
  • long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose
  • alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
  • coiled- compact- more in a small space
31
Q

amylopectin

A
  • long branched chain of alpha glucose
  • broken down quicker
  • alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6
32
Q

starch solubility

A

INSOLUBLE
- doesnt cause changes in osmotic conditions- good for storage

33
Q

glycogen

A
  • animal store of energy
  • HIGHLY BRANCHED
  • glucose released quickly
  • also very compact to store lots of energy
34
Q

cellulose

A
  • long unbranched chains of beta glucose
  • straight cellulose chains LINK together by hydrogen bonds to form MICROFIBRILS (very strong)
  • every other monomer flipped 180
  • beta 1,4 glycosidic
35
Q

cellulose function

A

cell walls
- strong microfibrils

36
Q

which is more soluble out of amylose and amylopectin?(according to OCR)

A

AMYLOSE

37
Q

how is cellulose ppc formed

A

-condensation, glycosidic bonds made
- water produced
- alternate monomers flipped upside down
- BECAUSE OF THE POSITION OF OH ON CARBON 1
- forms an unbranched polymer

38
Q

1,4 glycosidic bonds strength

A

easy to make/break

39
Q

BETA glycosidic bond

A
  • OH pointing up
40
Q

properties of cellulose that make it good for plant wall(4)

A
  • insoluble
  • hydrogen bonds with neighbouring chains so HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH
  • flexible
  • inert
41
Q

glycogen vs amylopectin

A
  • MORE branched
  • MORE coiled
  • more compact
  • more free ends where glucose can be added
    -so hydrolysis quicker
42
Q

is amylose soluble

A

no

43
Q

density of water for habitat

A
  • ice less dense (molecules spread out)
  • floats on top
  • provides habitat for some on top
  • insulates water below, not frozen, animals dont freeze, can still swim
44
Q

improving benedicts test for glucose experiment on leaf

A
  • repeat on other leaves
  • in case leaf used is atypical
  • OTHER SUGARS ALSO PRESENT
  • colour of leaf will interfere
45
Q

sucrose type of sugar

A

NON reducing

46
Q

how to use calibration curve for unknown

A
  • find absorbance of unknown
  • find conc that corresponds
47
Q

METHOD- find conc of unknown

A
  • zero colorimeter
  • use red filter
  • known concs
  • calibration curve
  • test unknown
  • find corresponding conc from graph
48
Q

colorimeter is better because

A

QUANTITAIVE
- non subjective

49
Q

non reducing sugars test

A
  • venedicts
  • negative
  • boil with dilute HCL
  • add NaOH
  • retest
50
Q

amylose v cellulose(5)

A
  • amylose = coiled, cellulose not
  • amylose = alpha glucose, cellulose = beta
  • amylose = alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds, cellulose = beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • amylose = monomers at same orientation, cellulose = every other monomer flipped
  • amylose = no H bonds, cellulose = intermolecular H bonds
51
Q

adaptations of glucose

A
  • soluble so can be transported
  • small so can diffuse speedily
  • molecules join to produce polysaccharides
  • quickly respired
52
Q

why IS glucose used

A
  • polar (OH) so soluble
  • bonds contain energy, can be broken by enzymes
53
Q

na + purpose

A

regulate WP

54
Q

H+ purpose

A

regulate pH

55
Q
  1. ca 2+
  2. K+
  3. NH4+
A
  1. muscle contraction
  2. regulating wp
  3. nitrogen source; proteins
56
Q
  1. NO3-
  2. HCO3-
  3. Cl-
  4. PO43-
  5. OH-
A
  1. Nitrogen => proteins
  2. blood ph. transport of co2
  3. cofactro for amylase
  4. nucleotides and phospholipids
  5. ph

bio (24 decks)

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