2.2.1-5- bio mols- water+carbohydrates Flashcards
why is water polar
- oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen so oxygen has a delta negative, and hydrogen has a delta positive
-negative oxygen on one molecule attracts positive hydrogen on other molecule
hydrogen bonds
-form between water molecules
- due to the polarity (opposites attract\0
water as a solvent
- polar
- so many ions will dissolve in it (attracted to charges)
- medium for metabolic reactions - allows IONIC compounds to separate
- transport e.g. nitrates for amino acids. blood+lymph
- can DILUTE toxic substances
specific heat capacity definition
- amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1 degree c
water as a high specific heat capacity
- many hydrogen bonds
- lots of thermal energy to break the bonds SO temperature doesnt fluctuate greatly of water
- internal body temp doesnt fluctuate much (enzymes)
- little energy needed to maintain habitats ets
advantages of high specific heat capacity
- suitable habitats
- constant temp (absorbs heat without big temp changes)
- vital for maintaining enzyme activity
- water in blood plasma transfers heat around body without warming up a lot
water as a coolant
- large latent heat of vaporisation (many hydrogen bonds require lots of energy to break to change state)
-ADVANTAGE as little water needs to evaporate for the organism to remove a lot of heat (eg sweat + transpiration)
Cohen and adhesion
- hydrogen bonds between water molecules
- continuous columns of water move through xylem in plants and blood vessels in animals
- and can bond to other molecules eg cellulose (Adhesion)
surface tension
- body of water meets air
- hydrogen bonds occur on top layer, so insects can float
monomer defintion
smaller units that join together to make up larger molecules
polymer defintion
molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain
macromolecules
VERY LARGE
1000+ ATOMS
Condensation reaction
- monomers combine together to form polymers and WATER IS REMOVED
Hydrolysis reaction
- covalent bonds are broken when water is added
elements in carbs
C,H,O
elements in lipids
C,H,O
elements in proteins
C,H,O,N,S
water is x% of body
60-70
hexose
6 carbons
glucose solubility
SOLUBLE- easily transported
glycosidic bonds
- join monosaccharides
condensation reactionbetween glucose
- hydrogen bonds to an OH
- releases water
- forms a glycosidic bond C-O-C
hydrolysis
- molecule of water reacts with glycosidic bond
- breaks it apart
maltose
DISACCHARIDE
- alpha glucose x2
sucrose
DISACCHARIDE
- alpha glucose + fructose
lactose
DISACCHARIDE
- either a or b glucose + galactose
type of bond in maltose
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
starch purpose
PLANT store of energy
- broken down to glucose
starch is made of
- mixture of 2 polysaccharides of alpha glucose, amylose and amylopectin
amylose
- long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose
- alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
- coiled- compact- more in a small space
amylopectin
- long branched chain of alpha glucose
- broken down quicker
- alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6
starch solubility
INSOLUBLE
- doesnt cause changes in osmotic conditions- good for storage
glycogen
- animal store of energy
- HIGHLY BRANCHED
- glucose released quickly
- also very compact to store lots of energy
cellulose
- long unbranched chains of beta glucose
- straight cellulose chains LINK together by hydrogen bonds to form MICROFIBRILS (very strong)
- every other monomer flipped 180
- beta 1,4 glycosidic
cellulose function
cell walls
- strong microfibrils
which is more soluble out of amylose and amylopectin?(according to OCR)
AMYLOSE
how is cellulose ppc formed
-condensation, glycosidic bonds made
- water produced
- alternate monomers flipped upside down
- BECAUSE OF THE POSITION OF OH ON CARBON 1
- forms an unbranched polymer
1,4 glycosidic bonds strength
easy to make/break
BETA glycosidic bond
- OH pointing up
properties of cellulose that make it good for plant wall(4)
- insoluble
- hydrogen bonds with neighbouring chains so HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH
- flexible
- inert
glycogen vs amylopectin
- MORE branched
- MORE coiled
- more compact
- more free ends where glucose can be added
-so hydrolysis quicker
is amylose soluble
no
density of water for habitat
- ice less dense (molecules spread out)
- floats on top
- provides habitat for some on top
- insulates water below, not frozen, animals dont freeze, can still swim
improving benedicts test for glucose experiment on leaf
- repeat on other leaves
- in case leaf used is atypical
- OTHER SUGARS ALSO PRESENT
- colour of leaf will interfere
sucrose type of sugar
NON reducing
how to use calibration curve for unknown
- find absorbance of unknown
- find conc that corresponds
METHOD- find conc of unknown
- zero colorimeter
- use red filter
- known concs
- calibration curve
- test unknown
- find corresponding conc from graph
colorimeter is better because
QUANTITAIVE
- non subjective
non reducing sugars test
- venedicts
- negative
- boil with dilute HCL
- add NaOH
- retest
amylose v cellulose(5)
- amylose = coiled, cellulose not
- amylose = alpha glucose, cellulose = beta
- amylose = alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds, cellulose = beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- amylose = monomers at same orientation, cellulose = every other monomer flipped
- amylose = no H bonds, cellulose = intermolecular H bonds
adaptations of glucose
- soluble so can be transported
- small so can diffuse speedily
- molecules join to produce polysaccharides
- quickly respired
why IS glucose used
- polar (OH) so soluble
- bonds contain energy, can be broken by enzymes
na + purpose
regulate WP
H+ purpose
regulate pH
- ca 2+
- K+
- NH4+
- muscle contraction
- regulating wp
- nitrogen source; proteins
- NO3-
- HCO3-
- Cl-
- PO43-
- OH-
- Nitrogen => proteins
- blood ph. transport of co2
- cofactro for amylase
- nucleotides and phospholipids
- ph
