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4.2 biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

3 reasons for protecting biodiveristy

A
  1. ecological
  2. economic
  3. aesthetic
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2
Q

ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity (2)

A
  • protecting keystone species
  • maintaining genetic resource
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3
Q

economic reasons for protecting biodiversity

A
  • reducing soil depletion (continuous monoculture)
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4
Q

aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

protecting landscape

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5
Q

2 example in situ conservation

A
  1. marine conservation zones
  2. wildlife reserves
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6
Q

3 example ex situ

A
  1. seed banks
  2. botanic gardens
  3. zoos
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7
Q

name 3 legislatiev agreements

A
  1. CITES (convention on international trade in endangered species)
  2. CBD (Rio convention on bio diversity)
  3. CSS (countryside stewardship scheme)
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8
Q

biodiversity

A
  • different varieties of living things
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9
Q

what is habitat biodiversity

A

number of different habitats within an area/ecosystem

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10
Q

waht happens if you plough fields?

A
  • reduces HABITAT DIVERSITY
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11
Q

species

A

group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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12
Q

population

A

group of organisms of the SAME SPECIES who live in the same area at the same time

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13
Q

species RICHNESS

A
  • number of different species living in a particular area
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14
Q

species EVENNESS

A

relative abundance of each species in an area

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15
Q

how to numerically measure biodiversity

A

simpsons index

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16
Q

what are n and N in simpsons index

A

n = number in that particular species
N = total organisms

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17
Q

spearmans’s rank

A
  • correlation between stuff
  • rank each criteria wiht 1 as lowest
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18
Q

the more alleles in a population the more…

A

genetically diverse

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19
Q

what can increase genetic biodiversity?

A
  • mutations
  • GENE FLOW; eg migration, alleles transferred between populations
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20
Q

3 levels of biodiversity

A
  • ecosystem and habitat
  • species
  • genetic
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21
Q

ecosystem

A

all the living and non living components of an area

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22
Q

importance of random sampling

A

use of wuadrats

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23
Q

random rampling grid system

A
  • make a grid by laying out 2 tape measures PPD
  • RNG coordinates
  • use that as sample site
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24
Q

systematic sampling uses…

A

quadrats

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25
what do u usually count in quadrats
percentage cover
26
to catch flying animals
sweep net
27
catch ground dwelling invertebrates (pitfall trap) (5)
- dig a hole and place contaoner - top of container level with soil - cover to protect from rain - leave overnight (x amount of time) - count and identify invertebrates caught
28
usually transects measure...
effect of changes in abiotic factors across a habitat
29
line transect
- measuring tape - record organisms that touch the line at regular intervals
30
belt transect
- tape measure - place quadrats
31
mark capture release
POPULATION ESTIMATE - capture and mark in a way that wont affect survival - after some time take another pop - (n initial marked)*(total individuals in 2nd) / marked in second
32
gene pool
all the alleles in a species
33
waht type of biodiverisyt does simpsons measure
ONLY SPECIES - not habitat/ecosystem/genetic
34
advantages of genetic biodviersity (3)
- adaptation to changing environemtn - camoflugae - variation for natural selection
35
define keystone species (2)
1. significant effect on ecosystem 2. many other species rely on activity of them
36
another advantage of xyz
ecotourism
37
which of the 3 agreements are international
- rio CBD - CITES
38
what happens in CSS
farmers offered payments for conservation
39
what is orders of magnitude
look at the difference in the x10^ - eg if it goes from 10 000 000 to 1000, its 4 orders of magnitude smaller
40
main aim of CITES
- restrict trade in endangered species - ensure trade doesnt endanger wild population - INTERNATIONAL
41
name advantage and disadvantage of NO human interference with an endangered species
+ exhibit natural behvaiour - could be wiped out by disease, poaching
42
how to protect a certain batch of plants in farmland
- controlled grazingg - restrict human access - remove invasive species eg weeds
43
2 ways to prevent fishing bad stuff
1. fishing quotas (but area too large difficult to police) 2. species restriction (expensive to monitor)
44
in preservation, do humans interfere
NO
45
IMPORTANCE OF biodiversity for plants FOR DRUGS (3)
1. many drugs found in plants 2. increases chance of finding new drugs 3. maintains a genetic resource
46
things that could decrease population sizes besides climate
- competition from new predator - pollution - disease - pesticides - loss of food source
47
advtange of toursits
- ecotourism - money from tourists can support conservations - eg planting more trees
48
describe genetic biodiversity 6 marker if small pop size
- genetic biodiversity decreases - small gene pool - SMALL PROP OF POLYMORPHIC GENE LOCI - more homozygous - inbreeding, as closely related - fewer alleles - more susceptible to diseases and extinction
49
describe spsecies biodiversity 6 marker if small pop size
- can go extinct - one less species - decreases richness and evenness - previous prey increase - predators decrease
50
how does human pop growth decline biodiversity (6 marker)
- need for more agricultural land - need for more housing land - habitat destroyal - more waste - more pollution
51
how does agriculture decline biodiversity (6 marker)
- monoculture - reduced genetic diversity - subject to disease - LESS ABLE TO ADAPT TO CHANGING ENVIRO - pestidicdes - fertiliser - eutrophication?
52
how does CLIMATE CHANGE decline biodiversity (6 marker)
- warmer / drier climate - species not adapted - less migration??? - rise in sea level, less land habitat - more flooding = less land habitat
53
when evaluating proporition of polymorphic gene loci consider
- STAISTICAL TEST - might not have sampled same loci
54
what can zoos do
- captive breeding - education - raise money
55
probelms with small pop (2)
- hard to find a mate - natural disaster can wipe it out cos small
56
problems w little genetic biodiversity
- interbreeding - fewer alleles - less likely to cope w environmental change - more likely to be wiped out by disease
57
how to measure genetic diversity
- proportion of polymorphic gene loci (no polymorphic gene loci / total number of gene loci) - proporiton of heterozygous individuals
58
limitiations of sampling methods
- samples on small no days - in one season - NO METHOD TO PREVENT RECOUNTING - misidentification
59
how to improve sampling experiment
- MORE samples in DIFFERENT parts of area - collect in different seasons - ensure no recounting - key to identify correct species
60
how to describe stratified
- n.o. samples taken proportional to area - and then give examples
61
if low pop numbers estimates are...
inaccurate more affected by random error
62
when look at change in data eg conservation scheme increasing numbers look at
trend BEFORE
63
how to improve genetic diversity
a wider range of habitats (diff selection pressures)
64
aims of CBD
- share genetic resources - sustainable use of habitats eg replanting trees
65
why sample (3)
- impossible to count every invidivual - provides estimate - represenative of the area
66
significance of LOW simpson (2)
- habitat dominated by one species - less stable, less likely to cope with change
67
importance of ex situ
1. natural habitat could be under threat eg climate change 2. so pop very low 3. hard to reproduce in the wild 4. protection from competitibe species 5. protection from pathogens
68
advantage seed banks over adult plants
1. many are produced so can be collected with minimal damage to ecosystem 2. small so a large number can be collected 3. remain viable for longer
69
3 reasons for underestimate of no species
1. some are microscopic 2. might mistake several for one 3. new species evolving
70
problem with results based off a sample (2)
1. only small number samples 2. sample may not be rep of al population
71
variation (2)
differences between species
72
if you're more closely related you...
have more genes in common
73
evidence for evolution
1. fossils (fossil record) 2. MRSA 3. dna, Cytochrome C
74
define phylogeny and its importance (4)
- study of evolutionary relationships between organisms - forms basis of classification - eg looking at differences in cytochrome c - same species = recent common ancestor
75
calc to determine abundance
- percentage cover - percentage frequency

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