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4.2 biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 reasons for protecting biodiveristy

A
  1. ecological
  2. economic
  3. aesthetic
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2
Q

ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity (2)

A
  • protecting keystone species
  • maintaining genetic resource
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3
Q

economic reasons for protecting biodiversity

A
  • reducing soil depletion (continuous monoculture)
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4
Q

aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

protecting landscape

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5
Q

2 example in situ conservation

A
  1. marine conservation zones
  2. wildlife reserves
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6
Q

3 example ex situ

A
  1. seed banks
  2. botanic gardens
  3. zoos
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7
Q

name 3 legislatiev agreements

A
  1. CITES (convention on international trade in endangered species)
  2. CBD (Rio convention on bio diversity)
  3. CSS (countryside stewardship scheme)
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8
Q

biodiversity

A
  • different varieties of living things
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9
Q

what is habitat biodiversity

A

number of different habitats within an area/ecosystem

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10
Q

waht happens if you plough fields?

A
  • reduces HABITAT DIVERSITY
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11
Q

species

A

group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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12
Q

population

A

group of organisms of the SAME SPECIES who live in the same area at the same time

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13
Q

species RICHNESS

A
  • number of different species living in a particular area
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14
Q

species EVENNESS

A

relative abundance of each species in an area

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15
Q

how to numerically measure biodiversity

A

simpsons index

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16
Q

what are n and N in simpsons index

A

n = number in that particular species
N = total organisms

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17
Q

spearmans’s rank

A
  • correlation between stuff
  • rank each criteria from highest to lowest
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18
Q

the more alleles in a population the more…

A

genetically diverse

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19
Q

what can increase genetic biodiversity?

A
  • mutations
  • GENE FLOW; eg migration, alleles transferred between populations
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20
Q

3 levels of biodiversity

A
  • ecosystem and habitat
  • species
  • genetic
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21
Q

ecosystem

A

all the living and non living components of an area

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22
Q

importance of random sampling

A

use of wuadrats

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23
Q

random rampling grid system

A
  • make a grid by laying out 2 tape measures PPD
  • RNG coordinates
  • use that as sample site
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24
Q

systematic sampling uses…

A

quadrats

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25
Q

what do u usually count in quadrats

A

percentage cover

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26
Q

to catch flying animals

A

sweep net

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27
Q

catch ground dwelling invertebrates (pitfall trap) (5)

A
  • dig a hole and place contaoner
  • top of container level with soil
  • cover to protect from rain
  • leave overnight (x amount of time)
  • count and identify invertebrates caught
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28
Q

usually transects measure…

A

effect of changes in abiotic factors across a habitat

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29
Q

line transect

A
  • measuring tape
  • record organisms that touch the line at regular intervals
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30
Q

belt transect

A
  • tape measure
  • place quadrats
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31
Q

mark capture release

A

POPULATION ESTIMATE
- capture and mark in a way that wont affect survival
- after some time take another pop
- (n initial marked)*(total individuals in 2nd) / marked in second

32
Q

gene pool

A

all the alleles in a species

33
Q

waht type of biodiverisyt does simpsons measure

A

ONLY SPECIES
- not habitat/ecosystem/genetic

34
Q

advantages of genetic biodviersity (3)

A
  • adaptation to changing environemtn
  • camoflugae
  • variation for natural selection
35
Q

define keystone species (2)

A
  1. significant effect on ecosystem
  2. many other species rely on activity of them
36
Q

another advantage of xyz

A

ecotourism

37
Q

which of the 3 agreements are international

A
  • rio CBD
  • CITES
38
Q

what happens in CSS

A

farmers offered payments for conservation

39
Q

what is orders of magnitude

A

look at the difference in the x10^
- eg if it goes from 10 000 000 to 1000, its 4 orders of magnitude smaller

40
Q

main aim of CITES

A
  • restrict trade in endangered species
  • ensure trade doesnt endanger wild population
  • INTERNATIONAL
41
Q

name advantage and disadvantage of NO human interference with an endangered species

A

+ exhibit natural behvaiour
- could be wiped out by disease, poaching

42
Q

how to protect a certain batch of plants in farmland

A
  • controlled grazingg
  • restrict human access
  • remove invasive species eg weeds
43
Q

2 ways to prevent fishing bad stuff

A
  1. fishing quotas (but area too large difficult to police)
  2. species restriction (expensive to monitor)
44
Q

in preservation, do humans interfere

A

NO

45
Q

IMPORTANCE OF biodiversity for plants FOR DRUGS (3)

A
  1. many drugs found in plants
  2. increases chance of finding new drugs
  3. maintains a genetic resource
46
Q

things that could decrease population sizes besides climate

A
  • competition from new predator
  • pollution
  • disease
  • pesticides
  • loss of food source
47
Q

advtange of toursits

A
  • ecotourism
  • money from tourists can support conservations
  • eg planting more trees
48
Q

describe genetic biodiversity 6 marker if small pop size

A
  • genetic biodiversity decreases
  • small gene pool
  • SMALL PROP OF POLYMORPHIC GENE LOCI
  • more homozygous
  • inbreeding, as closely related
  • fewer alleles
  • more susceptible to diseases and extinction
49
Q

describe spsecies biodiversity 6 marker if small pop size

A
  • can go extinct
  • one less species
  • decreases richness and evenness
  • previous prey increase
  • predators decrease
50
Q

how does human pop growth decline biodiversity (6 marker)

A
  • need for more agricultural land
  • need for more housing land
  • habitat destroyal
  • more waste
  • more pollution
51
Q

how does agriculture decline biodiversity (6 marker)

A
  • monoculture
  • reduced genetic diversity
  • subject to disease
  • LESS ABLE TO ADAPT TO CHANGING ENVIRO
  • pestidicdes
  • fertiliser
  • eutrophication?
52
Q

how does CLIMATE CHANGE decline biodiversity (6 marker)

A
  • warmer / drier climate
  • species not adapted
  • less migration???
  • rise in sea level, less land habitat
  • more flooding = less land habitat
53
Q

when evaluating proporition of polymorphic gene loci consider

A
  • STAISTICAL TEST
  • might not have sampled same loci
54
Q

what can zoos do

A
  • captive breeding
  • education
  • raise money
55
Q

probelms with small pop (2)

A
  • hard to find a mate
  • natural disaster can wipe it out cos small
56
Q

problems w little genetic biodiversity

A
  • interbreeding
  • fewer alleles
  • less likely to cope w environmental change
  • more likely to be wiped out by disease
57
Q

how to measure genetic diversity

A
  • proportion of polymorphic gene loci
  • proporiton of heterozygous individuals
58
Q

limitiations of sampling methods

A
  • samples on small no days
  • in one season
  • NO METHOD TO PREVENT RECOUNTING
  • misidentification
59
Q

how to improve sampling experiment

A
  • MORE samples in DIFFERENT parts of area
  • collect in different seasons
  • ensure no recounting
  • key to identify correct species
60
Q

how to describe stratified

A
  • n.o. samples taken proportional to area
  • and then give examples
61
Q

if low pop numbers estimates are…

A

inaccurate
more affected by random error

62
Q

when look at change in data eg conservation scheme increasing numbers look at

A

trend BEFORE

63
Q

how to improve genetic diversity

A

a wider range of habitats (diff selection pressures)

64
Q

aims of CBD

A
  • share genetic resources
  • sustainable use of habitats eg replanting trees
65
Q

why sample (3)

A
  • impossible to count every invidivual
  • provides estimate
  • represenative of the area
66
Q

significance of LOW simpson (2)

A
  • habitat dominated by one species
  • less stable, less likely to cope with change
67
Q

importance of ex situ

A
  1. natural habitat could be under threat eg climate change
  2. so pop very low
  3. hard to reproduce in the wild
  4. protection from competitibe species
  5. protection from pathogens
68
Q

advantage seed banks over adult plants

A
  1. many are produced so can be collected with minimal damage to ecosystem
  2. small so a large number can be collected
  3. remain viable for longer
69
Q

3 reasons for underestimate of no species

A
  1. some are microscopic
  2. might mistake several for one
  3. new species evolving
70
Q

problem with results based off a sample (2)

A
  1. only small number samples
  2. sample may not be rep of al population
71
Q

variation (2)

A

differences
between species

72
Q

if you’re more closely related you…

A

have more genes in common

73
Q

evidence for evolution

A
  1. fossils (fossil record)
  2. MRSA
  3. dna, Cytochrome C
74
Q

define phylogeny and its importance (4)

A
  • study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
  • forms basis of classification
  • eg looking at differences in cytochrome c
  • same species = recent common ancestor
75
Q

calc to determine abundance

A
  • percentage cover
  • percentage frequency

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