6.2 Synoptic - Rebellions Flashcards
1
Q
threats to Henry VIII?
A
- amicable grant rebellion 1535: money/economic
- pilgrimage of grace 1536-7: religion
2
Q
threats to Henry VII?
A
- Lovell’s rebellion 1486: dynastic
- Lambert Simnel 1486-7: dynastic
- Perkin Warbeck 1495-99: dynastic
- Yorkshire rebellion 1489: money/economics
- Cornish rebellion 1497: money/economics
3
Q
threats to Edward VI?
A
- prayer book rebellion 1549: mostly religious, some economic
- Kett’s rebellion 1549: social and economic
- Lady Jane Grey and the succession scandal 1553: dynastic and religious
4
Q
threats to Mary I?
A
- Wyatt’s rebellion 1554: political, religious and dynastic
5
Q
threats to Elizabeth I?
A
- rebellion of the northern earls 1569: dynastic and religious
- ridolfi plot 1571: religious and dynastic
- throckmorton plot 1583-4: religious and dynastic
- babington plot 1586: religious and dynastic
- essex rebellion 1601: political
6
Q
dates of the reign of Henry VII?
A
1485-1509
7
Q
dates of the reign of Henry VIII?
A
1509-1547
8
Q
dates of the reign of Edward VI?
A
1547-1553
9
Q
dates of the reign of Mary I?
A
1553-1558
10
Q
dates of the reign of Elizabeth I?
A
1558-1603
11
Q
how serious was Lovell’s rebellion?
A
- Led by Yorkist supporters, Lovell and Stafford – they had taken sanctuary at Colchester but emerged from hiding in 2486 to gather troops
- Rebellion collapsed quickly.
12
Q
what were the implications of Lovell’s rebellion?
A
- Stafford was arrested and Lovell fled to Flanders
- Lovell fought at the battle of Stoke and then nothing is recorded of him afterwards
13
Q
how serious was Simnel’s threat?
A
- claimed to be Earl of Warwick (who was in the Tower at the time) - claim was weak – more imaginary than real
- But support from Ireland (Earl of Kildare) and Margaret of Burgundy who offered support in the form of 2000 soldiers and John de la Pole fled to join the rebels
- The rebels actually landed in England in May, 1487 where they met Henry’s forces at the battle of Stoke
- Henry was decisive in battle and Stoke is often referred to by historians as the last battle of the war of the roses
14
Q
what were the implications of Simnel’s threat?
A
Although Simnel was set to work in the royal kitchens, Margaret of Burgundy and Edmund de la Pole were still at large and could interfere from afar
Henry had now twice proved himself on the battlefield at Bosworth and at Stoke
Once the Simnel rebellion was over, Henry made an important gesture to the Yorkists and crowned Elizabeth as queen. It is noticeable that in the Warbeck rebellion the vast majority of support came from outside not inside England
15
Q
how serious was Warbeck’s threat?
A
- claimed to be Richard of York – the youngest of the princes in the Tower
- Charles VIII recognised his claim to the throne (he was annoyed with Henry over the Breton crisis)
- Once the crisis with Brittany was resolved, Warbeck was welcomed by Margaret of Burgundy and her son in law, the HRE Maximilian
- When Warbeck did land in England, he failed to rouse support so ended up in the court of James IV in Scotland
- The attempt to invade England however was a disaster
16
Q
what were the implications of Warbeck?
A
- Warbeck confessed to who he really was which was what Henry needed to achieve for his security so Henry did allow him to live until 1499 (he escaped from Court with the Earl of Warwick)
- Both Warbeck and Warwick were executed in 1499 thus removing dynastic threats permanently
17
Q
how serious was the Yorkshire rebellion?
A
- Located in Thirsk – tax rebellion as a result of the Brittany campaign
18
Q
what were the implications of the Yorkshire rebellion?
A
- Duke of Northumberland killed during the rebellion
19
Q
how serious was the Cornish rebellion?
A
- Another tax rebellion caused by tax collection to prevent a possible invasion across the Scottish border (Perkin Warbeck)
20
Q
what were the implications of the Cornish rebellion?
A
Rebellion did collapse quickly but Henry aware of the dangers of trying to collect extraordinary revenue
21
Q
how serious was the amicable grant rebellion?
A
- attempts to bring in taxation tended to cause rebellion and disorder
- opposition to the Amicable Grant was reasonably widespread but the strongest resistance was in Essex and Suffolk
22
Q
what were the implications of the amicable grant rebellion?
A
- The Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk handled the rebels sensibly because unemployed cloth workers found it impossible to pay the levy, Wolsey begged pardon for the rebels who were treated leniently
- The significance was that Henry could not operate in defiance of the tax paying classes
- When he next needed money for the French campaign he used that of monastic lands
23
Q
how serious was the pilgrimage of grace?
A
- spread across Lincolnshire, the Humber, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Durham and Cheshire
- demands of the rebels were mainly religious – issues with the dissolution, injunctions, fear that goods bequeathed to parishes would be seized, services the monasteries offered would be lost
- there were economic and social grievances too – taxation, imposition of the Duke of Suffolk upon Lincolnshire, tenants grievances
- but as it was geographically widespread, equally motives could be widespread
- John Guy stresses the religious nature of rebellion – rebels carried the barrier of the 5 wounds of Christ, the took oaths to defend the church and supress heretics and wanted rid of the king’s ‘evil councillors’
Suffolk and Norfolk dealt with the rebellion but it was as struggle. Norfolk was out numbered in Doncaster and tried to diffuse it through offering pardons (which Henry went back on when rebellion reignited in 1537)
24
Q
what were the implications of the pilgrimage of grace?
A
Together the Lincolnshire rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace amounted to the largest rebellion in the Tudor period.
The Pilgrimage worried Henry as his record with rebellions was now poor; he had ignored those informing him of increased religious resentment. The Pilgrimage however did not slow the pace of religious change.
25
how serious was the prayer book rebellion?
1549 is considered by many historians to be the worst year of the entire Tudor period
The Prayer Book rebellion’s aims included;
- Mass in Latin
- Sacrament hung over the altar – those who refuse to honour the sacrament shall die as heretics
- Holy bread every Sunday
- Images and old ceremonies restored
William Body killed by a mob for removing Catholic images
## Footnote
However, there is evidence of wider social and economic reasons for the rebellion including:
- Sheep tax (distrust between rural labourers and landowners)
- Hatred of government officials
- Enclosure – hedges and fences were pulled down
- Desperation due to population increase and inflation
- Rebels camped in Exeter but there was no attempt to march towards London
26
what were the implications of the prayer book rebellion?
- Somerset’s lack lustre response and inability to see the seriousness of the rebellion was one of the factors which caused his downfall
- It also influenced Scotland – Somerset had to pull troops from there to deal with the Western rebellion
## Footnote
- Fear of a repeat of 1549 meant that the Elizabethan government attempted to deal more effectively with problems of poverty
- There were no social and economic rebellions under Elizabeth although undoubtedly there was still unrest
27
how serious was Kett's rebellion?
- took place in ‘worst year’ of the Tudor period
- Widespread social and economic issues stemming from harvest failures, rapid price rises and a belief that government ministers were profiting in the absence of a strong king
- Although there were attempts to remove non-resident clergy, the rebels were mainly fighting on an economic basis - particularly against enclosure
- Again they did not get to London but camped on Mousehold Heath in Norwich
28
what were the implications of Kett's rebellion?
- The rebellion was put down harshly by the Earl of Warwick (Northumberland) – there were around 4000 deaths in total – set Northumberland on the path to take over from Somerset
- Fear of a repeat of 1549 meant that the Elizabethan government attempted to deal more effectively with problems of poverty
29
how serious was the threat of LJG and the succession scandal?
- Mary as a Catholic would undo the religious reforms of Northumberland
- To protect the Protestant faith and ensure continued power, Northumberland argued that Mary was illegitimate and that the Tudor line down from Mary (Henry’s sister) should be taken into account
- Lady Jane Grey married Northumberland’s son 6 weeks before Edward’s death and she would be used to attempt to alter the succession
- Edward himself signed an agreement to this just days before his death
30
what were the implications of LJG?
- For the people of England, God’s choice of monarch was key
- Mary was rightful, Jane a usurper
- The country backed Mary with only King’s Lynn and Berwick not doing so
- Tudor dynasty fairly secure as this lasted a mere 9 days
31
how serious was Wyatt's rebellion?
- Wyatt is seen as a Protestant, nationalist opposing to the Spanish influence Philip II would bring to England whilst married to Mary
- he planned to overthrow the queen in favour of Edward Courtenay – great grandson of Edward IV (only male claimant to the throne) to then marry Elizabeth
- The government at the time were keen to associate the rebellion with Protestantism as it would discredit it
- 4 uprisings were planned, only one took place
- Did get to London Bridge
## Footnote
was the rebellion anti-Catholic or anti-Spanish?
32
what were the implications of Wyatt's rebellion?
- Wyatt’s actions were more threatening in a sense that the 1549 rebellions as it threatened the capital
- However, the city did fail to support him so threat levels were reduced
- Mary realised as long as LJG lived there was a threat of her being used against her so took the decision to execute
## Footnote
- Elizabeth was arrested and spent time in the Tower although no solid evidence was ever uncovered
33
how serious was the rebellion of the northern earls?
- De Spes helped to set this up with MQS and disgruntled noblemen
- There was a worry that Alva’s troops in Spain would be sent to help the rebels
- Duke of Norfolk had to surrender and although some northern earls took Durham, their support melted in the face of Elizabeth’s troops
- Almost all of the 800 rebels were hanged
34
what were the implications of the rebellion of the northern earls?
- Although the rebellion did not appear as serious a threat as the one’s listed above, it did teach Elizabeth that she needed to have tighter control of the North
- The Council of the North was reconstituted
- Elizabeth and her government also knew that the threat posed by MQS had to be taken seriously
35
how serious was the ridolfi plot?
- Idea was to marry Mary to Norfolk and put her on the throne
- Norfolk executed in 1572 (Cecil’s spy network uncovered and tortured some of those involved)
- De Spes expelled
36
what were the implications of the ridolfi plot?
- Suspicion of Spain continuing with the expulsion of de Spes
- Mary had to be kept under house arrest as an ongoing threat – her best hope was that Spanish military intervention would release her
37
how serious was the throckmorton plot?
English Catholic trying to get rid of Elizabeth so acted as a go between for MQS and new Spanish ambassador, Mendoza
38
what were the implications of the throckmorton plot?
- Mendoza was tortured for information, very nearly causing war with Spain
- Mary transferred to the custody of a stern Puritan, Amyas Paulet
39
how serious was the babington plot?
- Most serious of these plots – designed to use foreign assistance to get Mary on the throne – uncovered by Walsingham’s secret agents
- Mary found guilty in 1586 and executed the following year
40
what were the implications of the babington plot?
- Elizabeth put off making a decision regarding Mary’s execution knowing it would provoke Spain and the Guise family in France, however evidence of Mary’s involvement was overwhelming
- Mary had repeatedly shown herself to be the obvious focus for rebellion – Mary was always a queen in waiting
- Her Catholicism meant likely support from Philip II and the Pope
- Philip was planning invasion even without Mary’s death – her execution was simply one more excuse to go to war
41
how serious was the Essex rebellion?
- Elizabeth became less adept in later years at controlling the factions in court
- Essex led the group of courtiers who wanted greater military action against Spain
- Elizabeth did not favour such action and Essex found himself without a seat on the Privy Council
- Instead the ‘peace party’ led by Burghley was prominent
- In 1559 she gave Essex the chance to show his skill by appointing him as commander of her army in Ireland – he threw this opportunity away and by 1601 was nearing bankruptcy
## Footnote
In 1601 he tried to seize strategic places in the capital by use of arms e.g. Whitehall and the Tower. The rebellion failed due to lack of support.
42
what were the implications of the Essex rebellion?
- It concerned Elizabeth because it happened in the capital and a number of noblemen had joined in
- None of his supporters were put on trial for fear of provoking further rebellion
