1.2 Henry VII - Foreign Policy Flashcards
what are 4 truces and treaties during Henry’s reign?
1485: France
1486: Scotland
1487: HRE
1489: Medina del Campo
1497: Treaty of Ayrton
1502: Treaty of Perpetual Peace
What were relations like with Burgundy?
negative:
- Margaret was the sister of Richard III
- 1480s and 90s she supported pretenders (e.g. 5000 troops for the battle of Stoke)
- 1493 saw a trade embargo with Burgundy
positive:
- in 1496 England signs the Intercursus Magnus which allows English merchants to trade anywhere in Burgundy except Flanders
- 60% of cloth was exported by the end of Henry’s reign
Summarise the Breton Crisis
- 1488: Breton army is defeated by the French
- 1489: 6000-8000 English troops cross the channel
- 1491: Breton army collapses and Charles marries the Duke’s daughter
- Henry sends an extra 12,000 troops to intimidate Charles
- this results in the treaty of etaples
- France wanted to annex it by marrying Charles VIII to the Duke’s daughter which would mean a security issue for England
- Henry also spent 14 years of exile there so felt he should help them out
- The breton army without English support was defeated by the French in 1488 and the Duke dies in the same year
- Henry get parliament to grant him $100,000 extraordinary revenue to go to Brittany (but causes the Yorkshire rebellion)
- in 1489 6000-8000 troops cross the channel
- the breton army collapses and charles marries the Duke’s daughter in 1491
- Charles’ strategy to get Henry out of Brittany was to support Warbeck
- so Henry sends an extra 12,000 troops to Brittany and goes with them himself, gambling that this would intimidate the French and they would back off
- they did and France and England signed the treaty of Etaples
what was the treaty of medina del campo?
- 1489 treaty of Medina del Campo with the Spanish
- was negotiated with Ferdinand of Aragon, the current most powerful man in Europe
- the treaty showed that Ferdinand accepted Henry as the rightful King of England
- agreed a marriage alliance between Catherine of Aragon and Arthur of England
what were relations like with Spain throughout his reign?
child tensions:
* treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489
* 1502 Arthur dies, Catherine to marry Henry
* there were arguments over Catherine’s dowry - Henry wanted another one for marrying his second son but Ferdinand refused
* Henry and Catherine only married in 1509
marriage tensions:
* in 1504 Isabella, Ferdinand’s wife dies and so both Henry VII and Ferdinand are looking for wives
* Ferdinand marries Germaine de Foix, cousin of the King of France which is bad for England as now France and Spain are close
* 1506 Philip of Burgundy gets shipwrecked into the coast of England
* during this time there are talks of Henry VII marrying Philip’s sister but it never happens
* the talks alone annoy Ferdinand (who is the husband of Philip’s daughter) as they had happened without his permission
* by the end of Henry’s reign relations with Spain are so-so
what voyages of discovery were there?
- John and Sebastien Cabot were father and son who crossed the Atlantic to the west indies and north America
- they bump into Newfoundland which is the furthest anyone had gotten so far
- Henry VII gives Sebastien money in 1508 for a 1509 voyage to find a route to China by going over the top of North America which is obviously not possible
- they do however find Hudson bay
what were relations with Scotland like in Henry’s reign?
- hostile for most of Henry’s reign due to Scotland’s long-term alliance with France (the Auld alliance) and Scotland supporting pretenders
- 1497: James IV invaded England on behalf of Warbeck and was defeated
- Henry uses this as an opportunity to make peace so in 1502 they sign the Treaty of Perpetual Peace
- as part of this James V was agreed to marry Henry’s daughter Margaret and their wedding took place in 1503
- this was a success for Henry as the two countries had gone from very hostile to a marriage alliance
when was the treaty of etaples and what was gained from it?
- 1492
- 745,000 pension from France for the 12,000 troops to leave
- Charles promised to never support pretenders again
- Henry still never stopped the annexation of Brittany in 1532
- nobles saw his passive approach as weak and wanted a battle
what expansion within europe was there?
- Failed navigation act
- Trade expanded in Florence and Venice
- Increase in ship building
- Hanseatic league dominated trade around Northern mainland Europe
- Henry passes navigation act in 1485-86 which says one should use English ships to carry good to and from Hanseatic areas but it is not successful
- Henry tried to expand trade in Italy around Florence and Venice and in 1490 he signs a treaty with Florence that allowed English wool to be imported
- Venice was worried Florence would control all the wool trade so cancelled English tariffs in 1490 so English ships could trade
- there was increased ship building that sowed the seeds of the English navy
what was the League of Cambrai?
- 1508
- Louis XII of France, Ferdinand of Spain, Archduke Charles of Burgundy and the Pope came together in this league against Venice
- England wasn’t even invited showing what a minor power they were in Europe at the time…
