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AQA A-Level History: The Tudors > 5.2 Elizabeth - Foreign Policy > Flashcards

5.2 Elizabeth - Foreign Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the state of English foreign policy when Elizabeth comes to power?

A

1558
Calais has been lost, MQS is Queen of France and there are several ongoing protestant wars

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2
Q

what is the background to the situation in Scotland?

A
  • Marie de Guise, the French regent of Scotland, is deposed by Scottish lairds
  • Elizabeth sends aid to the Scottish rebels, official intervention is seen through the 1560 treaty of Berwick
  • the treaty of Edinburgh in the same year saw the French agree to withdraw from Scotland and accept the new monarchy under James Stuart
  • initial foreign action massive success
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3
Q

what is the background to the situation in France?

A
  • French wars of religion break out from 1562 to 1593
  • Elizabeth’s ministers pressure for intervention
  • 1562 treaty of hampton court sent loans and troops to help out Calais’ Huguenots
  • it goes wrong and the Huguenots are defeated with French possession confirmed
  • Elizabeth sees it as a disaster and returns to a cautious policy
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4
Q

what is the background to the situation in the Netherlands? (four main events)

A

ONE
- Philip’s chief minister in the Netherlands, cardinal Granvelle, uses the outbreak of the plague in London as an excuse to ban the import of all English cloth
- trade resumes the next year

TWO
- in 1566 the revolt of the Netherlands begins
- the Duke of Alva is sent to put it down

THREE
- 1568: the English ambassador is expelled from Madrid
- 1568: a new Spanish ambassador arrives in England, de Spes
- the first thing he does is make contact with MQS causing a massive buildup of tension

FOUR
- England seizes a silver fleet of bullion from Genoese lenders in the channel going to pay troops in the Netherlands

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5
Q

what is the background to the situation in the New World?

A
  • Spain has an overwhelming grip on exploration
  • in 1562 John Hawkins sailed to West Africa where he bought slaves and sold them in the New World
  • he repeated this in 1564 with this voyage ending hopes of peaceful trade with the Spanish Empire
  • Spain attacked Hawkins’ fleet in Mexico in 1568 that caused open hostility between the two countries
  • Hawkins retired and was put in charge of the naval board which led to the production of the fast, manouverable ships in the Armada
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6
Q

what did Thomas Coresham do?

A
  • organised local militia and muster (training exercises) for ordinary people
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7
Q

1568-1572: what were the six main events during this period?

A
  1. victory for Alva’s army in the Netherlands
  2. trade embargo
  3. attack at San Juan
  4. Spain backs Ridolfi
  5. Cecil takes Spanish bullion
  6. the expulsion of the sea beggars
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8
Q

1568-1572: what occurred in the Netherlands?

A
  • Alva was sent by Philip to suppress revolt
  • this threatened English security and made England an easy target for invasion from the Netherlands
  • by 1568 Alva had defeated the rebels
  • Elizabeth didn’t have the means to directly challenge Spain, they were too powerful, so she embarked on a policy of harassment by sending seamen to make their lives difficult
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9
Q

1568-1572: why was there a trade embargo?

A

Spain’s reaction to the confiscation of their Genoese loan that Cecil had stolen caused a total trade embargo between Spain and England

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10
Q

1568-1572: what happened at San Juan?

A

the Spanish attacked Hawkins in 1568 in Mexico

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11
Q

1568-1572: how did England and Spain annoy each other

A
  • from 1568 to 1572 England and Spain wanted to cause trouble for each other without a war
  • Spain supported the 1571 Ridolfi plot
  • Elizabeth did not try to stop English seamen. from attacking Spanish ships
  • she actively pursued a marriage alliance with the Duke of Anjou after rejecting Philip
  • in 1572 the treaty of Blois was signed that saw England and France promise to aid each other if needed
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12
Q

1568-1572: why was the expulsion of the sea beggars significant

A
  • 1572 Elizabeth decided to expel the sea beggars who were sheltering in English ports from the Spanish
  • this meant they took the deep water port of Brill which was later significant in the Armada
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13
Q

what was the general vibe of the period 1572 to 1584 in Elizabeth’s foreign policy?

A
  • a time when was not inevitable, it was a detente period of diplomatic action on both sides
  • Elizabeth tried to control English piracy and Philip expelled the English Douai priests in Flanders
  • however the effort for peace was ultimately ruined by the Netherlands
  • she wanted the Netherlands to be granted their traditional liberties but remain under loose Spanish control, the spanish army and inquisition should be removed
  • but she was not at all in a position to be seeking war
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14
Q

what happened in 1572?

A
  • year of St Bartholomew’s massacre
  • Elizabeth allows Huguenots to use England as a base and allows munition and loans to be sent by English protestants
  • volunteers are allowed to join the sea beggars
  • an army of volunteers is sent to hold Flushing for the Dutch to protect from the French army in the Netherlands
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15
Q

what happened in 1573?

A
  • Elizabeth continues to unofficially aid Dutch rebels by allowing English privateers to close the channel to Spanish ships
  • this is a big hassle for them
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15
Q

what happened in 1574?

A
  • the convention of Bristol
  • this settles the bullion dispute, lifts the trade embargo, banishes English rebels from the Netherlands and allows English merchants in the Netherlands to practice their Protestant belief
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16
Q

what happened in 1576?

A
  • the Spanish Fury: the mutiny of the Spanish army results in the sack of Antwerp
  • this unites all 17 Dutch provinces in open rebellions against the Spanish
  • the Pacification of Ghent: the Dutch estates general calls for the expulsion of all foreign troops and the restoration of traditional liberties
  • Elizabeth loans the Dutch estates general £100,000
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17
Q

what happened in 1577?

A
  • Don Juan of Austria arrives with a new Spanish army and begins the reqconquest of the Netherlands
  • thousands of English volunteers head to the Netherlands
  • Elizabeth tells Philip to accept the pacification of ghent and recall Don Juan of which he does neither
  • sends a mercenary force under John Casimir
  • authorises what ends up being Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe
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18
Q

what happened in 1578?

A
  • ## the threat grows in the Netherlands when the Duke of Alencon signs an alliance with the Dutch and intervenes in the Netherlands
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19
Q

what happened in 1579?

A
  • a new Spanish commander, the Duke of Parma, makes considerable headway in the Netherlands
  • Alencon withdraws his forces
  • Elizabeth still cannot bring England to openly intervene
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20
Q

what happened in 1580?

A
  • Philip gains Portugal, giving him all their New World land that is the most substantial after Spain’s itself and navy that is nearly the size of England’s
  • Elizabeth sends Alencon £100,000 to revive his Netherlands campaign
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21
Q

what happened in 1582?

A
  • after revolt in Scotland Elizabeth establishes an understanding with James VI based on common religion
  • the treaty of Berwick agrees to end hostilities between the two
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22
Q

what happened in 1583?

A
  • Philip orders construction of a large navy to later become the Armada
  • De Mendoza, the Spanish Ambassador, is involved in the throckmorton plot
  • Alencon withdraws from the Netherlands entirely and dies the next year
22
Q

what happened in 1584?

A
  • De Mendoza is expelled from England for supporting the Throckmorton plot
  • William the Silent, Prince of Orange, is assasinated… potential threat to Elizabeth?
  • the treaty of Joinville sees Philip promise the Catholic league (opposition to Protestant French rule) his support
23
Q

what are arguments for intervention in the Netherlands?

A
  • English support would encourage all Dutch states to rally under William of Orange
  • intervention would show England’s solidarity with other Protestant countries
  • the Spanish army wasn’t making headway in the Netherlands so the opportunity should be taken to intervene and defeat them
  • if successful, Spain would extend its control along the entire coast and would be well placed to invade England
  • the death of William left rebels without a leader; only England can provide a replacement
24
Q

what are arguments against intervention in the Netherlands?

A
  • English intervention would be interpreted as hostile action by Spain
  • the rebels were already doing a good job against the Spanish
  • intervention would be expensive at a time when England couldn’t really afford it
25
Q

how did England’s trade impact relations with Spain

A
  • Elizabeth needed to boost the economy as all her trade routes were too interlinked with Spain seen especially after the 1564 trade embargo
  • she attempted to do this through expansion of overseas trade but this had a severe impact on relations with Spain
26
Q

what was the nature of the cloth trade between London and Antwerp?

A
  • it accounted for 75% of all exports
  • it brought in custom duties, the main source of revenue for the crown, of between £35,000-£50,000 a year
27
Q

how did attempt to boost overseas trade create tensions with Spain?

A
  • England needed quick profits so she did nothing to stop Drake and others from attacking Spain’s monopoly in the New World
28
Q

what achievements did England have in expanding their trade?

A
  • the merchant adventurers transferred the cloth trade from Antwerp to Hamburg, Stade and Middelburg
  • in 1553 England reached Moscow in an attempt to reach Asia, by 1558 overland trading expeditions travelled through Russia to Asia and set up the Muscovy trading company worth £25,000 a year
  • the Eastland company set up in 1579 imported goods from the baltic
  • from 1573 English ships imported luxuries from the Mediterranean that became the Levant company in 1592
  • the domestic demand for luxury goods drove men to find the north west passage to asia, in 1579 Baffin Island in Canada was reached and in 1587 the coast of Greenland was explored
  • in 1583 a company journeyed overland to India and established the East India company
29
Q

what weaknesses did England face in expanding their trade?

A

despite all new exploration 74% of all trade was still with the Netherlands and England was more concerned with illegal trade in the New World than legal trade in the east

30
Q

what was the size of the army that assembled to meet the Armada in 1588?

A
  • 27,000 infantrymen
  • 2500 cavalry
  • 14,000 sailors
  • pretty large!
  • she had 54 men of wars (a type of ship) and 140 merchant ships fitted with guns
31
Q

how much did Elizabeth’s ordinary sources of revenue gain her by the 1600s?

A

around £300,000 a year

32
Q

how much did the war in the Netherlands cost?

A

from 1585-1598 = £2,000,000

33
Q

how much did the campaign to crush Tyrone’s rebellion cost?

A

from 1599-1603 = £1,000,000

34
Q

what sources of extraordinary revenue did Elizabeth have?

A
  • the sale of crown lands
  • the sale of monopolies
  • parliamentary taxation
  • supporting privateers in the New World journeys
35
Q

what happened in 1585? (war in the Netherlands)

A
  • the treaty of nonsuch
  • Elizabeth agrees to send an army of 7000 soldiers to help rebels in the Netherlands (pretty low number)
36
Q

what happened in 1586? (war in the Netherlands)

A
  • the English army prevents Parma from capturing the deep water port of Flushing which proves very important in the later Armada
37
Q

what happened in 1594? (war in the Netherlands)

A
  • the northern part of the Netherlands is secured under Dutch control while the South remains under Spain’s control
38
Q

what happened in 1587? (war in Spain)

A
  • Drake sails into Cadiz harbour and sinks 30 Spanish ships, humiliating Philip and delaying preparations for the Armada
39
Q

what happened in 1588? (war in Spain)

A

the first armada

40
Q

what happened in 1589? (war in Spain)

A
  • Drake leads a naval counter attack to help Don Antonio regain his throne from Philip in Portugal
  • he disobeys Elizabeth’s orders and makes an attack on Lisbon that fails, impacting finances and morale
41
Q

what happened in 1596? (war in Spain)

A
  • a huge expedition is launched against Spain with 17 naval ships, 47 warships and 80,000 men to sack Cadiz
  • they capture a Spanish treasure ship that costs Philip 12 million ducats and destroy another 50 ships
41
Q

what happened from 1596 to 1598? (war in Spain)

A
  • subsequent Spanish armadas are scattered by storms and fail to use Ireland as a landing base
42
Q

what happened in 1597? (war in Spain)

A

Walter Raleigh tries to attack Casiz again but it fails

43
Q

what happened in 1598? (war in Spain)

A
  • Philip dies
  • the Peace of Vervin between France and Spain opens up the threat that the Spanish may be able to use French ports
44
Q

what happened in 1585? (war in the New World)

A

Drake is sent to attack Spanish shipping in the new world

44
Q

what happened in 1586? (war in the New World)

A

Drake misses the spanish silver fleets and the expedition loses £5000

45
Q

what happened in 1587? (war in the New World)

A

Drake captures the Portuguese ship, San Felipe, in the Azores and returns with £140,000

46
Q

what happened in 1592? (war in the New World)

A

Drake captures the buillion ship Madre de Dios in the east indies and returns with £80,000

47
Q

what happened in 1595? (war in the New World)

A

a joint attack by Drake and Hawkins in the West Indies sees both of them die

48
Q

what happened in 1589? (France)

A
  • the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV of France and appeals to England for help against the Spanish backed Catholic league
  • Elizabeth commits herself to keeping the Spanish out of france and sends Henry a weak loan of £20,000 and 4000 men
49
Q

what happened in 1591? (France)

A

a force is sent to Brittany

50
Q

what happened in 1592? (France)

A

the force sent to Brittany is defeated by the Spanish

51
Q

what happened in 1593? (France)

A

Henry IV converts to Catholicism - ‘Paris is worth a mass’

52
Q

what happened in 1594? (France)

A

after the Spanish attempt to capture Brest Elizabeth sends 8 warships and 4000 men to push the Spanish out of France

53
Q

what happened in 1598? (France)

A

Henry and Philip agree to a peace
England has no ally on the French throne…

AQA A-Level History: The Tudors (27 decks)

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