6.1.1 Cellular Control

Question 1

Mutation definition

Answer 1

a change to the quantity or structure of the dna of an organism

Question 2

chromosomal mutations definition

Answer 2

change in the number or structure of whole organisms

Question 3

gene mutations definition

Answer 3

result in a change in sequence of nucleotides in dna molecule

Question 4

types of gene mutations

Answer 4

indel and point

Question 5

point mutations

Answer 5

one base is substituted for another

Question 6

types of point mutations

Answer 6

nonsense
silent
mis-sense

Question 7

nonsense mutation

Answer 7

change results in stop codon

Question 8

Mis-sense mutation

Answer 8

different amino acid is coded for

Question 9

silent mutation

Answer 9

different base occurs in the triplet but it codes for the same amino acid

Question 10

indel mutation definition

Answer 10

extra base is added or deleted leading to a frameshift

Question 11

types of indel mutations

Answer 11

addition
deletion

Question 12

deletion mutation

Answer 12

remove a base so all codons could be different changing the sequence of amino acids and therefore the protein produced

Question 13

addition mutation

Answer 13

add a base so it can be read in a different form to make a different amino acid
all codons past that point can be different

Question 14

Beneficial mutation

Answer 14

gives you a selective advantage for survival

Question 15

harmful mutation

Answer 15

gives you a selective disadvantage for survival

Question 16

neutral mutation

Answer 16

no effect on survival

Question 17

Regulation of protein production steps

Answer 17

transcriptional control
post-transcriptional control
post-translation control

Question 18

transcription factors

Answer 18

proteins that bind to sections of dna to either switch genes on or off
there encoded by regulatory genes
can either activate or repress genes

Question 19

during lac operon what proteins must be present to metabolize lactose

Answer 19

B-galactosidase
lactose permerase

Question 20

why are structural genes in operons transcribed together

Answer 20

share promotor
work together to make simular protein

Question 21

function of regulatory gene

Answer 21

regulate the production of a transcription of genes using transcription factors

Question 22

function of structural gene

Answer 22

code for structural proteins

Question 23

Lac I

Answer 23

a repressor
the protein binds to the operator when lactose is not present

Question 24

RNA polymerase in Lac Operon

Answer 24

bind to promotor but due to Lac I being bound to the operator RNA Polymerase cannot get past and transcribe the genes

Question 25

what happens to Lac I when lactose is present

Answer 25

Lac I binds to lactose resulting in a conformational change
the lac i lactose complex then drops off the operator so rna polymerase can transcribe genes for lactose metbaboloism so lactose can be broken down for energy

Question 26

Name of mRNA strand formed after transcription

Answer 26

primary mRNA transcript

Question 27

B-galactosidose

Answer 27

hydrolyses lactose into galatose and glucose

Question 28

Lactose Permease

Answer 28

transport protein that becomes embedded into E.Coli membrane to transport more lactose into the cell

Question 29

Post transcriptional regulation

Answer 29

splicing
remove introns and leave exons behind

Question 30

splicing

Answer 30

non coding introns are removed leaving behind RNA exons which are complementary to the original DNA exons

Question 31

Alternative splicing

Answer 31

can produce slightly different proteins so one strand of dna can code to multiple proteins
can remove some exons aswell as intons so protein is slightly different

Question 32

post translational gene regulation

Answer 32

after proteins are produced by translation some must be activated by molecules before they become functional
some bind to cell membrane to trigger production of cAMP which is used to alter the 3D shape of proteins by changing the active site shape

Question 33

Homeotic genes

Answer 33

set of genes that regulate morphogenesis the shape that an organism forms

Question 34

Homebox genes

Answer 34

subset of homeotic genes
180 base pair sequence excluding introns
homeotic product protein bind to dna + indicates transcription

Question 35

homeodomain sequence

Answer 35

encodes for a 60 amino acid sequence

Question 36

Hox genes

Answer 36

subset of homebox genes found in animals

Question 37

what do hox genes do

Answer 37

control polarity and where organs are
switch genes that control the development of a body plan on or off

Question 38

Do hox genes mutate

Answer 38

very little as they’re very important and it can be lethal

Question 39

Regulating body genes

Answer 39

time and sequence of gene expression determines the development of the body parts

Question 40

Gap genes

Answer 40

regulate regulatory genes

Question 41

Apoptosis

Answer 41

type of programmed cell death and is integral to development of the body parts

Question 42

what does apoptosis lead to

Answer 42

orderly tidy cell death

Question 43

nucrosis

Answer 43

leads to release of harmful hydrolytic enzymes
only occurs when cells are too damaged to survive
- uncontrolled cell death

Question 44

what happens if theres not enough apoptosis

Answer 44

leads to cancer
formation of tumors

Question 45

what happens if theres too much apoptosis

Answer 45

cell loss and degeneration