2.1.1 cell structure

Question 1

magnification equation

Answer 1

size of image / actual size of object

Question 2

magnification definition

Answer 2

how many times larger the image is than the actual size of object being used

Question 3

resolution definition

Answer 3

ability to see individuals objects as separate entities

Question 4

diffraction

Answer 4

tendency of light waves to spread as they pass close to physical structures such as those present in specimens studied

Question 5

1 graticule division

Answer 5

number of micrometers / number of graticule divisions

Question 6

7 characteristics of life

Answer 6

Movement
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Growth
Respiration
Excretion
Nutrition

Question 7

Cell theory

Answer 7

all living organisms are made of cells
the cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation of life
all new cells arise from others

Question 8

why is the cell theory still a theory

Answer 8

as theres no evidence to know all new cells arise from others as no-one was alive when the 1st cell was produced
also virus contradict the theory as they’re non living and need a host cell

Question 9

features and examples of prokaryotes

Answer 9

archeabacteria, eubacteria
always unicellular
smallest type of cell
DNA = circular and free in the cytoplasm

Question 10

features and examples of eukaryotes

Answer 10

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
multicellular except protist and yeast
larger than prokaryotes
DNA = in nucleus as chromosome, linear

Question 11

what does prokaryote stand for

Answer 11

before nucleus

Question 12

what was the first cell

Answer 12

archae

Question 13

what do all cells have

Answer 13

plasma membrane
cytoskeleton
cytoplasm/cytosol
organelles

Question 14

what is cytosol

Answer 14

everything except the organelles

Question 15

endosymbiosis

Answer 15

taking in and living alongside

Question 16

what are proteins produced by cells

Answer 16

hormones and enzymes

Question 17

intracellular proteins

Answer 17

used within the cell
made in the cytoplasm
makes lyzozymes

Question 18

lyzozymes

Answer 18

hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosmes

Question 19

extracellular proteins

Answer 19

made in ribosomes on RER
exported out the cell to be used elsewhere in the body
makes hormones and digestive enzymes

Question 20

what organellles are involved in protein production and export

Answer 20

nucleus
ribosome
rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
vesicle

Question 21

steps of protein production

Answer 21

mRNA leaves nucleus via nucleur pore
travels through cytoplasm to ribosome on RER
ribososome reads code on mRNA to build protein out of amino acids
protein travels through cisternae of RER
protein is pinched off in vesicle and travels along golgi
vesicle fuses to golgi and protein is modified and packaged into vesicle for export
vesicle travels to plasma membrane and fuses to it
protein is released by exocytosis

Question 22

cyto

Answer 22

cell

Question 23

cytoskeleton

Answer 23

network of fibres neccessary for the shape and stability of the cell
- the container of the cell

Question 24

4 main function of the cytoskeleton

Answer 24

cell shape
cell movement
holds organelles in place
movement of organelles within cell

Question 25

3 types of fibres in the cytoskeleton

Answer 25

microtubules microfilaments intermediate fibres

Question 26

structure and function of microtubules

Answer 26

globular tubulin and polymerise tubes used to formscaffold like structure to determine shape of cell acts as tracks for moving organelles form spindle fibres

Question 27

structure and function of microfilaments

Answer 27

contractile fibres formed from protein actin responsible for cell movement + cell contraction- cytokenesis

Question 28

structure and function of intermediate fibres

Answer 28

give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain their integrity

Question 29

where in the cell are microfilamets

Answer 29

concentrated around the outside of the cell

Question 30

where in the cell are microtubules

Answer 30

form network around the inside of the cell

Question 31

where in the cell are intermediate fibres

Answer 31

randomly scattered around the cell

Question 32

structure of centerioles

Answer 32

9 microtubules arranged in a cylinder

Question 33

function of centerioles

Answer 33

produce spindle fibres in cell division

Question 34

structure of cilia and undulipodia

Answer 34

9 pairs of microtubules with a pair in the middle each have a motor protein

Question 35

function of cilia and undulipodia

Answer 35

turn in corkscrew motion to waft mucus or propel sperm

Question 36

structure of flagellae

Answer 36

single actin fibre

Question 37

function of flagellae

Answer 37

move in whip-like fashion to propel bacteria