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Biology > 2.1.1 cell structure > Flashcards

2.1.1 cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

magnification equation

A

size of image / actual size of object

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2
Q

magnification definition

A

how many times larger the image is than the actual size of object being used

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3
Q

resolution definition

A

ability to see individuals objects as separate entities

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4
Q

diffraction

A

tendency of light waves to spread as they pass close to physical structures such as those present in specimens studied

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5
Q

1 graticule division

A

number of micrometers / number of graticule divisions

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6
Q

7 characteristics of life

A

Movement
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Growth
Respiration
Excretion
Nutrition

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7
Q

Cell theory

A

all living organisms are made of cells
the cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation of life
all new cells arise from others

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8
Q

why is the cell theory still a theory

A

as theres no evidence to know all new cells arise from others as no-one was alive when the 1st cell was produced
also virus contradict the theory as they’re non living and need a host cell

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9
Q

features and examples of prokaryotes

A

archeabacteria, eubacteria
always unicellular
smallest type of cell
DNA = circular and free in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

features and examples of eukaryotes

A

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
multicellular except protist and yeast
larger than prokaryotes
DNA = in nucleus as chromosome, linear

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11
Q

what does prokaryote stand for

A

before nucleus

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12
Q

what was the first cell

A

archae

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13
Q

what do all cells have

A

plasma membrane
cytoskeleton
cytoplasm/cytosol
organelles

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14
Q

what is cytosol

A

everything except the organelles

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15
Q

endosymbiosis

A

taking in and living alongside

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16
Q

what are proteins produced by cells

A

hormones and enzymes

17
Q

intracellular proteins

A

used within the cell
made in the cytoplasm
makes lyzozymes

18
Q

lyzozymes

A

hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosmes

19
Q

extracellular proteins

A

made in ribosomes on RER
exported out the cell to be used elsewhere in the body
makes hormones and digestive enzymes

20
Q

what organellles are involved in protein production and export

A

nucleus
ribosome
rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
vesicle

21
Q

steps of protein production

A

mRNA leaves nucleus via nucleur pore
travels through cytoplasm to ribosome on RER
ribososome reads code on mRNA to build protein out of amino acids
protein travels through cisternae of RER
protein is pinched off in vesicle and travels along golgi
vesicle fuses to golgi and protein is modified and packaged into vesicle for export
vesicle travels to plasma membrane and fuses to it
protein is released by exocytosis

22
Q

cyto

A

cell

23
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of fibres neccessary for the shape and stability of the cell
- the container of the cell

24
Q

4 main function of the cytoskeleton

A

cell shape
cell movement
holds organelles in place
movement of organelles within cell

25
Q

3 types of fibres in the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate fibres

26
Q

structure and function of microtubules

A

globular tubulin and polymerise tubes
used to formscaffold like structure to determine shape of cell
acts as tracks for moving organelles
form spindle fibres

27
Q

structure and function of microfilaments

A

contractile fibres formed from protein actin
responsible for cell movement + cell contraction- cytokenesis

28
Q

structure and function of intermediate fibres

A

give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain their integrity

29
Q

where in the cell are microfilamets

A

concentrated around the outside of the cell

30
Q

where in the cell are microtubules

A

form network around the inside of the cell

31
Q

where in the cell are intermediate fibres

A

randomly scattered around the cell

32
Q

structure of centerioles

A

9 microtubules arranged in a cylinder

33
Q

function of centerioles

A

produce spindle fibres in cell division

34
Q

structure of cilia and undulipodia

A

9 pairs of microtubules with a pair in the middle
each have a motor protein

35
Q

function of cilia and undulipodia

A

turn in corkscrew motion to waft mucus or propel sperm

36
Q

structure of flagellae

A

single actin fibre

37
Q

function of flagellae

A

move in whip-like fashion to propel bacteria

Biology (25 decks)

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