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Biology > 4.2.1 Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2.1 Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodiversity definition

A

variety of living organisms present in an area

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2
Q

where is the highest level of biodiversity found

A

tropical, moist regions, close to the equator
- uk

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3
Q

where is the lowest biodiversity found

A

very cold, very dry areas such as deserts

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4
Q

habitat diversity

A

number of different habitats found within an area
e.g sand dunes, woodland, meadows, streams

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5
Q

species diversity

A

species richness- how many different species there are
species evenness- how many of each species

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6
Q

genetic diversity

A

variety of different genes/ alleles that exist within a species
leads to different characteristics being exhibited

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7
Q

why does genetic diversity increase species long term chance of survival

A

as they can adapt to different conditions in the environment
allows better adaptation to the change in environment so more likely to result in individuals who are resistant to disease

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8
Q

how is species richness measured

A

list is compiled of each species identified and total number of species can then be calculated

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9
Q

limitations of measuring species diversity

A

an area can differ in its species diversity even if it has the same number of species

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10
Q

why is Simpson’s index a better measure of species diversity

A

takes into account the number of species present and relative numbers of each species

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11
Q

Simpson’s index formula

A

1 - (Σ(n/N)^2)

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12
Q

what is the value of Simpsons index always between

A

0 and 1

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13
Q

how to interpret your Simpsons index value

A

higher the value the higher the habitat diversity

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14
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

variety of genes that make up a species

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15
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA that contains the complete sequence of bases to code for a protein

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16
Q

what is an allele

A

different version of the same gene

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17
Q

gene pool definition

A

sum total of all the alleles within a population or whole species

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18
Q

gene flow

A

when alleles are transferred from one population to another by interbreeding

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19
Q

proportion of polymorphic gene loci =

A

number of polymorphic loci/ total number of loci

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20
Q

gene locus

A

refers to position of the gene on a chromosome

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21
Q

how does the proportion of polymorphic gene loci affect the genetic biodiversity in a population

A

greater the proportion of polymorphic gene loci the greater the genetic diversity

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22
Q

monomorphic genes

A

single allele exist for gene

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23
Q

factors that affect genetic diversity

A

mutations in the DNA
interbreeding between 2 populations
selective breeding
captive breeding in zoos and conservation centres
artificial cloning
natural selection
genetic bottle necks
genetic drift
founder effect

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24
Q

how does selective breeding affect genetic diversity

A

individuals are selected for advantageous characteristics and traits
decreases number of possible alleles

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25
Q

how does captive breeding affect genetic diversity

A

zoos and conservation centres
only small number of captive individuals of a species are available for breeding
wild population is extinct or endangered
decreases genetic diversity

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26
Q

how does rare breeds affect genetic diversity

A

selective breeding has been used historically to produce breed of domestic animal or plant which became less popular so numbers drop
decreases genetic diversity

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27
Q

how does artificial cloning affect genetic diversity

A

use cuttings to clone plant
decreases genetic diversity

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28
Q

how does natural selection affect genetic diversity

A

species evolve to contain primarily alleles that code for advantageous characteristics
decreases genetic diversity

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29
Q

how does genetic bottlenecks affect genetic diversity

A

large number of population die prior to reproducing leading to reduced genetic diversity

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30
Q

how does founder effect affect genetic diversity

A

small number of individuals create new colony geographically isolated from original so gene pool for new species is small
decreases genetic diversity

31
Q

how does genetic drift affect genetic diversity

A

random nature of alleles being passed on from parents to offspring
the frequency of occurrence of allele will vary
existence of particular allele can disappear completely
in populations with low genetic diversity

32
Q

how does human population growth affect biodiversity

A

to make room for houses deforestation occurs
increase amount of land use to grow single crops
burning of fossil fuels- CO2 increase the global temp

33
Q

deforestation

A

can occur naturally - fires, lightning
most occur due to human actions or indirectly through acid rain from pollution

34
Q

how does deforestation affect biodiversity

A

reduces number of trees in the area
only specific type is felled diversity decreases
reduces number of animal species present as destroys food and habitat sources
forces animals to migrate to ensure survival so neighbouring areas biodiversity may increase

35
Q

how does agriculture affect biodiversity

A

farmers only grow few types of crops or few species of animals that are selected for high yield - monoculture
pesticides and herbicides kill pests that will eat crops reducing food source and species diversity
removal of hedgerows= reduces habitats

36
Q

monoculture

A

only planting one crop
reduces species diversity

37
Q

how does climate change affect biodiversity

A

mountain glaciers and snow cover has declines so decrease in glacier and ice caps = rise in sea level
reduces cold environment habitats so animals will migrate

38
Q

Aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

presence of different plants and animals enriches our lives
natural world provides inspiration for musicians and writers
study shows patients recover more rapidly from stress and injury when supported by plants and natural environment

39
Q

Economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

soil erosion and desertification occur due to result in deforestation reducing ability to grow crops and feed people leading to economical dependence on others

conserve species used to make things as non sustainable removal will lead to collapse of industry so once all materials are lost it doesn’t become economically viable

large scale habitat and biodiversity lose of species with potential economical value may become extinct before discovered as may be chemically important for new medicines

high biodiversity attracts tourists

40
Q

ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

all organisms are interdependent on others for their survival
removal of one may have major affect on others as may remove a food source or habitat

41
Q

keystone species

A

essential for maintaining biodiversity as have disproportionality large effect on their environment relative to their abundance

42
Q

conservation definition

A

presentation and careful management of environment and natural resources

43
Q

how does using herbicides affect species diversity

A

kills weeds and reduces diversity as it kills an important food source

44
Q

how does using pesticides affect species diversity

A

kill pests that would eat crops reduces diversity as kills species that then reduces food source for other animals

45
Q

how does using fertilisers affect species diversity

A

causes increase growth so plants have to fight over sunlight leading to decrease in species growing

46
Q

3 ways global climate is changing

A

increase water vapour
hotter
increase sea temp

47
Q

what is global warming and what causes it

A

rise in the earths surface temp due to CO2 and gases trapping the suns UV

48
Q

how do humans contribute to global warming

A

burn more fossil fuels so increase in CO2 emissions

49
Q

how does climate change lead to habitat loss

A

melting polar caps leads to loss of land for animals as it floods

50
Q

how does climate change lead to increased migration

A

melting ice caps cause animals to migrate north to find more desirable conditions

51
Q

how does climate change lead to disruption of food webs

A

high temp and less rain leads to extinction in some plant species so less food for those dependent on them

52
Q

how does climate change lead to food shortages for humans

A

loss of species and plants lead to less food

53
Q

in situ conservation

A

within natural habitat

54
Q

ex situ conservation

A

out of natural habitat

55
Q

extinct

A

no organisms of species exist anywhere in the world

56
Q

extinct in wild

A

organism of species only exist in the wild

57
Q

endangered

A

species in danger of extinction

58
Q

vulnerable species

A

species considered likely to become endangered in near future

59
Q

sustainable development

A

economic development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs

60
Q

conservation definition

A

preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources

61
Q

wildlife reserves active management techniques

A

controlled grazing
restricting human access
controlling poaching
feeding animals
reintroduction of species
culling or removal of invasive species
halting succession

62
Q

what is halting succession

A

natural process which early colonising species are replaced overtime until stable mature population is achieved

63
Q

example of halting succession in UK

A

land left will turn into woodland unless they use controlled grazing to eat the tree seedling as they appear using horses, cows, deer and sheep

64
Q

examples of ex situ conservation

A

botanic gardens
seed banks
captive breeding programmes

65
Q

what are botanic gardens

A

plant species are actively managed to be provided with the best resources to grow - soil nutrients, water, removal of pests

66
Q

what are seed banks

A

example of gene bank
seeds are carefully stored so new plants can be grown in future
dried an stored at -20 degrees to maintain viability by slowing down rate of germination

67
Q

what seeds can’t be stored in seed banks

A

most tropical rainforest trees as they die when dried and frozen

68
Q

what are captive breeding programmes

A

produce offspring of species in human-controlled environment
often run by zoos and aquatic centres
provide shelter and abundant supply of nutritious food
absence of predators
veterinary treatment available

69
Q

why do we use captive breeding programmes

A

aim to create healthy population of species and then gradually reintroduce them back into their natural habitat

70
Q

what diversity is hard to maintain in captive breeding programmes

A

genetic diversity as only a small number of breeding partners are available

71
Q

why are some species in captivity not suitable for release into the wild

A

may be loss of local disease resistance or no resistance to new diseases
behavior - not had to search for food before so now put it in cages for them to search to prepare them
genetic make up may become so different they can’t interbreed with original population
natural habitats must be restored first and introduction of more species to this area may lead to stress and tension as individuals fight for territory and resources

72
Q

why must conservation agreements be made

A

as animals don’t respect country boundaries so to increase species chance of survival agreements must be made

73
Q

sampling definition

A

taking measurements of limited number of individual organisms present in particular area

74
Q
A

Biology (25 decks)

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