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Biology > 4.2.1 Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2.1 Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Biodiversity definition

A

variety of living organisms present in an area

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2
Q

where is the highest level of biodiversity found

A

tropical, moist regions, close to the equator
- uk

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3
Q

where is the lowest biodiversity found

A

very cold, very dry areas such as deserts

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4
Q

habitat diversity

A

number of different habitats found within an area
e.g sand dunes, woodland, meadows, streams

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5
Q

species diversity

A

species richness- how many different species there are
species evenness- how many of each species

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6
Q

genetic diversity

A

variety of different genes/ alleles that exist within a species
leads to different characteristics being exhibited

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7
Q

why does genetic diversity increase species long term chance of survival

A

as they can adapt to different conditions in the environment
allows better adaptation to the change in environment so more likely to result in individuals who are resistant to disease

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8
Q

how is species richness measured

A

list is compiled of each species identified and total number of species can then be calculated

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9
Q

limitations of measuring species diversity

A

an area can differ in its species diversity even if it has the same number of species

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10
Q

why is Simpson’s index a better measure of species diversity

A

takes into account the number of species present and relative numbers of each species

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11
Q

Simpson’s index formula

A

1 - (Σ(n/N)^2)

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12
Q

what is the value of Simpsons index always between

A

0 and 1

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13
Q

how to interpret your Simpsons index value

A

higher the value the higher the habitat diversity

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14
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

variety of genes that make up a species

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15
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA that contains the complete sequence of bases to code for a protein

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16
Q

what is an allele

A

different version of the same gene

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17
Q

gene pool definition

A

sum total of all the alleles within a population or whole species

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18
Q

gene flow

A

when alleles are transferred from one population to another by interbreeding

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19
Q

proportion of polymorphic gene loci =

A

number of polymorphic loci/ total number of loci

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20
Q

gene locus

A

refers to position of the gene on a chromosome

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21
Q

how does the proportion of polymorphic gene loci affect the genetic biodiversity in a population

A

greater the proportion of polymorphic gene loci the greater the genetic diversity

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22
Q

monomorphic genes

A

single allele exist for gene

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23
Q

factors that affect genetic diversity

A

mutations in the DNA
interbreeding between 2 populations
selective breeding
captive breeding in zoos and conservation centres
artificial cloning
natural selection
genetic bottle necks
genetic drift
founder effect

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24
Q

how does selective breeding affect genetic diversity

A

individuals are selected for advantageous characteristics and traits
decreases number of possible alleles

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25
how does captive breeding affect genetic diversity
zoos and conservation centres only small number of captive individuals of a species are available for breeding wild population is extinct or endangered decreases genetic diversity
26
how does rare breeds affect genetic diversity
selective breeding has been used historically to produce breed of domestic animal or plant which became less popular so numbers drop decreases genetic diversity
27
how does artificial cloning affect genetic diversity
use cuttings to clone plant decreases genetic diversity
28
how does natural selection affect genetic diversity
species evolve to contain primarily alleles that code for advantageous characteristics decreases genetic diversity
29
how does genetic bottlenecks affect genetic diversity
large number of population die prior to reproducing leading to reduced genetic diversity
30
how does founder effect affect genetic diversity
small number of individuals create new colony geographically isolated from original so gene pool for new species is small decreases genetic diversity
31
how does genetic drift affect genetic diversity
random nature of alleles being passed on from parents to offspring the frequency of occurrence of allele will vary existence of particular allele can disappear completely in populations with low genetic diversity
32
how does human population growth affect biodiversity
to make room for houses deforestation occurs increase amount of land use to grow single crops burning of fossil fuels- CO2 increase the global temp
33
deforestation
can occur naturally - fires, lightning most occur due to human actions or indirectly through acid rain from pollution
34
how does deforestation affect biodiversity
reduces number of trees in the area only specific type is felled diversity decreases reduces number of animal species present as destroys food and habitat sources forces animals to migrate to ensure survival so neighbouring areas biodiversity may increase
35
how does agriculture affect biodiversity
farmers only grow few types of crops or few species of animals that are selected for high yield - monoculture pesticides and herbicides kill pests that will eat crops reducing food source and species diversity removal of hedgerows= reduces habitats
36
monoculture
only planting one crop reduces species diversity
37
how does climate change affect biodiversity
mountain glaciers and snow cover has declines so decrease in glacier and ice caps = rise in sea level reduces cold environment habitats so animals will migrate
38
Aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity
presence of different plants and animals enriches our lives natural world provides inspiration for musicians and writers study shows patients recover more rapidly from stress and injury when supported by plants and natural environment
39
Economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity
soil erosion and desertification occur due to result in deforestation reducing ability to grow crops and feed people leading to economical dependence on others conserve species used to make things as non sustainable removal will lead to collapse of industry so once all materials are lost it doesn't become economically viable large scale habitat and biodiversity lose of species with potential economical value may become extinct before discovered as may be chemically important for new medicines high biodiversity attracts tourists
40
ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity
all organisms are interdependent on others for their survival removal of one may have major affect on others as may remove a food source or habitat
41
keystone species
essential for maintaining biodiversity as have disproportionality large effect on their environment relative to their abundance
42
conservation definition
presentation and careful management of environment and natural resources
43
how does using herbicides affect species diversity
kills weeds and reduces diversity as it kills an important food source
44
how does using pesticides affect species diversity
kill pests that would eat crops reduces diversity as kills species that then reduces food source for other animals
45
how does using fertilisers affect species diversity
causes increase growth so plants have to fight over sunlight leading to decrease in species growing
46
3 ways global climate is changing
increase water vapour hotter increase sea temp
47
what is global warming and what causes it
rise in the earths surface temp due to CO2 and gases trapping the suns UV
48
how do humans contribute to global warming
burn more fossil fuels so increase in CO2 emissions
49
how does climate change lead to habitat loss
melting polar caps leads to loss of land for animals as it floods
50
how does climate change lead to increased migration
melting ice caps cause animals to migrate north to find more desirable conditions
51
how does climate change lead to disruption of food webs
high temp and less rain leads to extinction in some plant species so less food for those dependent on them
52
how does climate change lead to food shortages for humans
loss of species and plants lead to less food
53
in situ conservation
within natural habitat
54
ex situ conservation
out of natural habitat
55
extinct
no organisms of species exist anywhere in the world
56
extinct in wild
organism of species only exist in the wild
57
endangered
species in danger of extinction
58
vulnerable species
species considered likely to become endangered in near future
59
sustainable development
economic development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs
60
conservation definition
preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources
61
wildlife reserves active management techniques
controlled grazing restricting human access controlling poaching feeding animals reintroduction of species culling or removal of invasive species halting succession
62
what is halting succession
natural process which early colonising species are replaced overtime until stable mature population is achieved
63
example of halting succession in UK
land left will turn into woodland unless they use controlled grazing to eat the tree seedling as they appear using horses, cows, deer and sheep
64
examples of ex situ conservation
botanic gardens seed banks captive breeding programmes
65
what are botanic gardens
plant species are actively managed to be provided with the best resources to grow - soil nutrients, water, removal of pests
66
what are seed banks
example of gene bank seeds are carefully stored so new plants can be grown in future dried an stored at -20 degrees to maintain viability by slowing down rate of germination
67
what seeds can't be stored in seed banks
most tropical rainforest trees as they die when dried and frozen
68
what are captive breeding programmes
produce offspring of species in human-controlled environment often run by zoos and aquatic centres provide shelter and abundant supply of nutritious food absence of predators veterinary treatment available
69
why do we use captive breeding programmes
aim to create healthy population of species and then gradually reintroduce them back into their natural habitat
70
what diversity is hard to maintain in captive breeding programmes
genetic diversity as only a small number of breeding partners are available
71
why are some species in captivity not suitable for release into the wild
may be loss of local disease resistance or no resistance to new diseases behavior - not had to search for food before so now put it in cages for them to search to prepare them genetic make up may become so different they can't interbreed with original population natural habitats must be restored first and introduction of more species to this area may lead to stress and tension as individuals fight for territory and resources
72
why must conservation agreements be made
as animals don't respect country boundaries so to increase species chance of survival agreements must be made
73
sampling definition
taking measurements of limited number of individual organisms present in particular area
74

Biology (25 decks)

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