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Biology > 4.2.2 Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

4.2.2 Classification and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

classification definition

A

name given to process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

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2
Q

taxonomic groups

A

7 ordered groups of hierarchy

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3
Q

what are the taxonomic groups

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

smallest and most specific classification group

A

species

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5
Q

largest and least specific classification group

A

kingdom

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6
Q

why do scientists classify organisms

A

to identify species
to predict characteristics
to find evolutionary links

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7
Q

How are organisms classified

A

separate into the 3 domains
and then classify into individual species - each group contains one type of organism

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8
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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9
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

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10
Q

what happens to the organisms in each group as you go down the hierarchy

A

become more similar and share more of the same characteristics

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11
Q

what species are humans

A

homo sapiens

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12
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

system used to ensure scientists are discussing the same organism all over the world

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13
Q

what are the different parts of the scientific name of all species

A

1st word = genus - shared by close relatives
2nd word = species - the specific name

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14
Q

how to write the scientifc name

A

genus should have capital letter species should be lowercase

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15
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

prokaryote
Protoctista
fungi
plantae
animalia

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16
Q

general features of prokaryote

A

unicellular
no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
no visible feeding mechanism - nutrients are absorbed through cell wall or made internally by photosynthesis
- bacteria

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17
Q

general features of Protoctista

A

mainly unicellular
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
some have chloroplast
some are sessile but others move by cilia, flagella
- unicellular eukaryotes

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18
Q

general features of fungi

A

uni or multicellular
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
cell wall composed of mainly chitin
no chloroplast or chlorophyll
no mechanism for locomotion
have body or mycelium made of threads or hyphae
nutrients acquired by absorption from decaying material
store food as glycogen
-yeasts moulds and mushrooms

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19
Q

general features of plantae

A

multicellular
nucleus and membrane bound organelles including chloroplast
cell wall composed of cellulose
contain chlorophyll
dont move
nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
store food as starch

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20
Q

autotrophic feeders

A

nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
make there own food

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21
Q

saprophytic feeders

A

nutrients acquired by absorption from decaying material
some are parasitic

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22
Q

general features of animalia

A

multicellular
nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
no chloroplast or cell wall
move with aid of cilia, flagella or contractile proteins, sometimes in form of muscular organs
nutrients acquired by ingestion
food stored as glycogen

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23
Q

heterotrophic feeders

A

nutrients acquired by ingestion

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24
Q

how do scientist compare evolutionary relationships between species

A

compare similarities in their DNA and proteins of the different species

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25
6 kindoms
eubacteria archaea - bacteria Protoctista plantae fungi animalia
26
why is there eubacteria and archaea - bacteria
as they have a different chemical makeup
27
archaea - bacteria
live in extreme environments such as air vents, anaerobic conditions and highly acidic conditions
28
eubacteria
found in all environments
29
phylogeny
evolutionary relationships between organisms
30
phylogenetics
study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms
31
evolution
the theory that describes the way in which organisms evolve or change over many years as a result of natural selection
32
evidence for evolution
paleontology comparative anatomy comparative biochemistry
33
what is paleontology
study of fossil fuels and the fossil record
34
what is comparative biochemistry
similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms
35
fossils
formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks they form layers and each layer of sediment corresponds to a different geological era
36
fossil record
forming a sequence from oldest to youngest which shows organisms have changed overtime
37
why is the fossil record unreliable
not complete and some soft bodied organisms decompose quickly before they fossilise many fossils are destroyed by earths movements such as volcanos not the write conditions for fossils
38
what do fossils tell us
that plants came before animals as the plant fossils appear first study similarities in anatomy of the fossils to compare how closely related a species is and if they've evolved form a common ancestor allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated
39
homologous structure
structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but has the same underlying structure
40
example of homologous structure
pentadactyl limb of vertebrates
41
why are vertebrate limbs homologous structures
the basic structure of all vertebrate limbs are very similar so they must of all evolved from a common ancestor swimming and running and flying limbs are all very similar
42
what do homologous structures provide evidence for
divergent evolution
43
divergent evolution
how different species have evolved from a common ancestor but each with a different adaptive features
44
comparative biochemistry
slight changes in ribosomal dna and cytochrome help identify evolutionary links look at order of dna bases or order of amino acids in a protein species closer related have more simular dna and proteins
45
why is ribosomal RNA used together with fossil information to determine relationship between ancient species
has very slow rate of substitution
46
interspecific variation
wildest type of variation in between members of different species
47
intraspecific variation
differences between organisms within a species
48
2 factors that cause variation
organisms genetic material environment which organism lives in
49
genetic causes of variation
alleles mutations meiosis sexual reproduction chance
50
how do alleles cause genetic variation
different alleles of a gene produce different affects for a characteristic
51
how do mutations cause genetic variation
changes in the dna sequence changes the gene which therefore causes a different protein to be coded for causes different characteristics if occurs in somatic cell just individual is affected if occurs in gamete offspring is affected
52
how does meiosis cause genetic variation
produces gametes which receive half genetic content of each parent info is mixed by independent assortment and crossing over
53
how does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation
offspring produced from 2 individuals inherits genes from each of the parents so each one therefore differs slightly from their parents
54
how does chance cause genetic variation
during sexual reproduction its a result of chance as to which 2 combine therefore they differ from their siblings
55
environmental causes of variation
plants are affected by the amount of light as they can't move to gain any to grow bigger whereas an animal can move to another area for food or shelter - scars on your body are caused by environment as occurs due to incident or disease no genetics involved
56
characteristics that show both environmental and genetic causes
height - parents are tall so you will be tall but a poor diet or disease may stop your growth skin colour - determined by how much pigment, melanin it contains but if exposed to sunlight you produce more to protect your skin from UV rays
57
what does a t -test used for
to compare mean value of 2 sets of data
58
2 types of t test
paired unpaired
59
when do you accept the null hypothesis of a t test
if the calculated value is greater than the CV so reject null hypothesis as its not due to chance
60
spearmen's rank
61
adaptations definition
characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment
62
anatomical adaptations
physical features
63
behavioural adaptations
how an organism acts can be inherited or learnt
64
physiological adaptations
process that takes place inside an organism
65
anatomical adaptations
body covering camouflage teeth mimicry
66
how do body coverings help a species survive
hairs, feathers, scales and shells help organism fly or stay warm - thick hair or protection - snails shell spikes- deter herbivores
67
how are teeth adapted
shape and type relate to animals diet carnivores have sharp canines to kill prey herbivores have continuously growing molars to chew tough grass
68
why are some animals adapted to mimicry
copy another animals appearance or sounds to appear poisonous or dangerous to predators despite being harmless
69
examples of behavioral adaptations
survival behavior's courtship seasonal
70
survival behavior's
rabbit freezes when seen play dead
71
courtship
elaborate behavior's to attract a male scorpions dance to attract partner increases chance of reproducing
72
seasonal behavior's
migration - more from one region to another and back for favorable conditions - better climate/ food source hibernation - period of inactivity where body temp, heart rate and breathing rate slow to conserve energy reducing requirement of food
73
2 categories for behavioural adaptations
innate - ability to do this is inherited through genes behavior's of spiders to build webs learned - learnt from experience or observing other animals - use of tools - sea otter use stone to hammer shells off rocks
74
physiological adaptation examples
poison production - many reptiles produce venom to kill prey or plants produce poison in leaves to protect themselves from being eaten antibiotic production - bacteria produce antibiotics to kill other species of bacteria in the area water holding - some frog can store water in its body to allow it to survive in the desert for more than a year without water - cacti
75
analogous structures
have adapted to perform the same function but have different genetic origin
76
convergent evolution
when unrelated species begin to share similar traits evolve due to organisms adapt to similar environments or selection pressures - whale and fish
77
examples of convergent evolution
marsupial and placental mice flying phalangers and flying squirrels marsupial and placenta moles - both burrow through soft soil to get food both have streamline body shape and modified limbs but differ in fur colour
78
selection pressures
factors that affect the organisms chance of survival or reproductive success
79
what organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce
organisms best adapted to their environment
80
natural selection steps
- organisms within species show variation caused by differences in genes - organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to selection pressure have increased chance of surviving and reproducing. less well-adapted organisms die or fail to reproduce - survival of fittest - successful organisms pass on the allele encoding for advantageous characteristic onto their offspring - process is repeated every generation so overtime proportion of individuals with advantageous characteristic increases so frequency of allele increases in populations gene pool - over very long periods of time many generations and multiple alleles can lead to evolution of new species
81
Modern examples of evolution
antibiotic-resistant bacteria peppered moths sheep blowflies
82
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
bacteria reproduce very rapidly so evolve over short period of time a mutation in dna caused a resistance to methicillin so resistant individuals survived and passed on the allele to offspring but non resistant individuals died
83
peppered moths
most moths were pale to provide camouflage against light coloured tree bark increasing chance of survival dark ones were spotted easily and eaten by birds due to a different allele during industrial evolution trees became darker due to soot and so dark moths were now better adapted as they were more camouflage so they survived and reproduced increasing the frequency of dark moths in the population
84
sheep blowflies
lay eggs in faecal matter around sheep's tail- larvae hatch and cause sores then used pesticide to kill them but they developed a high level of resistance and passed it on as they reproduced
85
flavo bacterium
live in watse water from factories evolved to digest nylon and so is beneficial to humans to clean up factory waste beneficial to bacteria as it provides another source of nutrients

Biology (25 decks)

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