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Biology > 4.2.2 Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

4.2.2 Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

classification definition

A

name given to process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

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2
Q

taxonomic groups

A

7 ordered groups of hierarchy

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3
Q

what are the taxonomic groups

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

smallest and most specific classification group

A

species

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5
Q

largest and least specific classification group

A

kingdom

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6
Q

why do scientists classify organisms

A

to identify species
to predict characteristics
to find evolutionary links

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7
Q

How are organisms classified

A

separate into the 3 domains
and then classify into individual species - each group contains one type of organism

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8
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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9
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

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10
Q

what happens to the organisms in each group as you go down the hierarchy

A

become more similar and share more of the same characteristics

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11
Q

what species are humans

A

homo sapiens

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12
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

system used to ensure scientists are discussing the same organism all over the world

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13
Q

what are the different parts of the scientific name of all species

A

1st word = genus - shared by close relatives
2nd word = species - the specific name

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14
Q

how to write the scientifc name

A

genus should have capital letter species should be lowercase

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15
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

prokaryote
Protoctista
fungi
plantae
animalia

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16
Q

general features of prokaryote

A

unicellular
no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
no visible feeding mechanism - nutrients are absorbed through cell wall or made internally by photosynthesis
- bacteria

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17
Q

general features of Protoctista

A

mainly unicellular
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
some have chloroplast
some are sessile but others move by cilia, flagella
- unicellular eukaryotes

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18
Q

general features of fungi

A

uni or multicellular
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
cell wall composed of mainly chitin
no chloroplast or chlorophyll
no mechanism for locomotion
have body or mycelium made of threads or hyphae
nutrients acquired by absorption from decaying material
store food as glycogen
-yeasts moulds and mushrooms

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19
Q

general features of plantae

A

multicellular
nucleus and membrane bound organelles including chloroplast
cell wall composed of cellulose
contain chlorophyll
dont move
nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
store food as starch

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20
Q

autotrophic feeders

A

nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
make there own food

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21
Q

saprophytic feeders

A

nutrients acquired by absorption from decaying material
some are parasitic

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22
Q

general features of animalia

A

multicellular
nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
no chloroplast or cell wall
move with aid of cilia, flagella or contractile proteins, sometimes in form of muscular organs
nutrients acquired by ingestion
food stored as glycogen

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23
Q

heterotrophic feeders

A

nutrients acquired by ingestion

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24
Q

how do scientist compare evolutionary relationships between species

A

compare similarities in their DNA and proteins of the different species

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25
Q

6 kindoms

A

eubacteria
archaea - bacteria
Protoctista
plantae
fungi
animalia

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26
Q

why is there eubacteria and archaea - bacteria

A

as they have a different chemical makeup

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27
Q

archaea - bacteria

A

live in extreme environments such as air vents, anaerobic conditions and highly acidic conditions

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28
Q

eubacteria

A

found in all environments

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29
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary relationships between organisms

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30
Q

phylogenetics

A

study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms

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31
Q

evolution

A

the theory that describes the way in which organisms evolve or change over many years as a result of natural selection

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32
Q

evidence for evolution

A

paleontology
comparative anatomy
comparative biochemistry

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33
Q

what is paleontology

A

study of fossil fuels and the fossil record

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34
Q

what is comparative biochemistry

A

similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms

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35
Q

fossils

A

formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks
they form layers and each layer of sediment corresponds to a different geological era

36
Q

fossil record

A

forming a sequence from oldest to youngest which shows organisms have changed overtime

37
Q

why is the fossil record unreliable

A

not complete and some soft bodied organisms decompose quickly before they fossilise
many fossils are destroyed by earths movements such as volcanos
not the write conditions for fossils

38
Q

what do fossils tell us

A

that plants came before animals as the plant fossils appear first
study similarities in anatomy of the fossils to compare how closely related a species is and if they’ve evolved form a common ancestor
allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated

39
Q

homologous structure

A

structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but has the same underlying structure

40
Q

example of homologous structure

A

pentadactyl limb of vertebrates

41
Q

why are vertebrate limbs homologous structures

A

the basic structure of all vertebrate limbs are very similar so they must of all evolved from a common ancestor
swimming and running and flying limbs are all very similar

42
Q

what do homologous structures provide evidence for

A

divergent evolution

43
Q

divergent evolution

A

how different species have evolved from a common ancestor but each with a different adaptive features

44
Q

comparative biochemistry

A

slight changes in ribosomal dna and cytochrome help identify evolutionary links
look at order of dna bases or order of amino acids in a protein
species closer related have more simular dna and proteins

45
Q

why is ribosomal RNA used together with fossil information to determine relationship between ancient species

A

has very slow rate of substitution

46
Q

interspecific variation

A

wildest type of variation in between members of different species

47
Q

intraspecific variation

A

differences between organisms within a species

48
Q

2 factors that cause variation

A

organisms genetic material
environment which organism lives in

49
Q

genetic causes of variation

A

alleles
mutations
meiosis
sexual reproduction
chance

50
Q

how do alleles cause genetic variation

A

different alleles of a gene produce different affects for a characteristic

51
Q

how do mutations cause genetic variation

A

changes in the dna sequence changes the gene which therefore causes a different protein to be coded for
causes different characteristics
if occurs in somatic cell just individual is affected if occurs in gamete offspring is affected

52
Q

how does meiosis cause genetic variation

A

produces gametes which receive half genetic content of each parent
info is mixed by independent assortment and crossing over

53
Q

how does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation

A

offspring produced from 2 individuals inherits genes from each of the parents so each one therefore differs slightly from their parents

54
Q

how does chance cause genetic variation

A

during sexual reproduction its a result of chance as to which 2 combine therefore they differ from their siblings

55
Q

environmental causes of variation

A

plants are affected by the amount of light as they can’t move to gain any to grow bigger whereas an animal can move to another area for food or shelter
- scars on your body are caused by environment as occurs due to incident or disease no genetics involved

56
Q

characteristics that show both environmental and genetic causes

A

height - parents are tall so you will be tall but a poor diet or disease may stop your growth
skin colour - determined by how much pigment, melanin it contains but if exposed to sunlight you produce more to protect your skin from UV rays

57
Q

what does a t -test used for

A

to compare mean value of 2 sets of data

58
Q

2 types of t test

A

paired
unpaired

59
Q

when do you accept the null hypothesis of a t test

A

if the calculated value is greater than the CV so reject null hypothesis as its not due to chance

60
Q

spearmen’s rank

A
61
Q

adaptations definition

A

characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment

62
Q

anatomical adaptations

A

physical features

63
Q

behavioural adaptations

A

how an organism acts
can be inherited or learnt

64
Q

physiological adaptations

A

process that takes place inside an organism

65
Q

anatomical adaptations

A

body covering
camouflage
teeth
mimicry

66
Q

how do body coverings help a species survive

A

hairs, feathers, scales and shells help organism fly or stay warm - thick hair or protection - snails shell
spikes- deter herbivores

67
Q

how are teeth adapted

A

shape and type relate to animals diet
carnivores have sharp canines to kill prey
herbivores have continuously growing molars to chew tough grass

68
Q

why are some animals adapted to mimicry

A

copy another animals appearance or sounds to appear poisonous or dangerous to predators despite being harmless

69
Q

examples of behavioral adaptations

A

survival behavior’s
courtship
seasonal

70
Q

survival behavior’s

A

rabbit freezes when seen
play dead

71
Q

courtship

A

elaborate behavior’s to attract a male
scorpions dance to attract partner
increases chance of reproducing

72
Q

seasonal behavior’s

A

migration - more from one region to another and back for favorable conditions - better climate/ food source
hibernation - period of inactivity where body temp, heart rate and breathing rate slow to conserve energy reducing requirement of food

73
Q

2 categories for behavioural adaptations

A

innate - ability to do this is inherited through genes
behavior’s of spiders to build webs

learned - learnt from experience or observing other animals - use of tools - sea otter use stone to hammer shells off rocks

74
Q

physiological adaptation examples

A

poison production - many reptiles produce venom to kill prey or plants produce poison in leaves to protect themselves from being eaten
antibiotic production - bacteria produce antibiotics to kill other species of bacteria in the area
water holding - some frog can store water in its body to allow it to survive in the desert for more than a year without water - cacti

75
Q

analogous structures

A

have adapted to perform the same function but have different genetic origin

76
Q

convergent evolution

A

when unrelated species begin to share similar traits
evolve due to organisms adapt to similar environments or selection pressures
- whale and fish

77
Q

examples of convergent evolution

A

marsupial and placental mice
flying phalangers and flying squirrels
marsupial and placenta moles - both burrow through soft soil to get food both have streamline body shape and modified limbs but differ in fur colour

78
Q

selection pressures

A

factors that affect the organisms chance of survival or reproductive success

79
Q

what organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce

A

organisms best adapted to their environment

80
Q

natural selection steps

A
  • organisms within species show variation caused by differences in genes
  • organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to selection pressure have increased chance of surviving and reproducing. less well-adapted organisms die or fail to reproduce - survival of fittest
  • successful organisms pass on the allele encoding for advantageous characteristic onto their offspring
  • process is repeated every generation so overtime proportion of individuals with advantageous characteristic increases so frequency of allele increases in populations gene pool
  • over very long periods of time many generations and multiple alleles can lead to evolution of new species
81
Q

Modern examples of evolution

A

antibiotic-resistant bacteria
peppered moths
sheep blowflies

82
Q

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

bacteria reproduce very rapidly so evolve over short period of time
a mutation in dna caused a resistance to methicillin so resistant individuals survived and passed on the allele to offspring but non resistant individuals died

83
Q

peppered moths

A

most moths were pale to provide camouflage against light coloured tree bark increasing chance of survival
dark ones were spotted easily and eaten by birds due to a different allele
during industrial evolution trees became darker due to soot and so dark moths were now better adapted as they were more camouflage so they survived and reproduced increasing the frequency of dark moths in the population

84
Q

sheep blowflies

A

lay eggs in faecal matter around sheep’s tail- larvae hatch and cause sores
then used pesticide to kill them but they developed a high level of resistance and passed it on as they reproduced

85
Q

flavo bacterium

A

live in watse water from factories evolved to digest nylon and so is beneficial to humans to clean up factory waste
beneficial to bacteria as it provides another source of nutrients

Biology (25 decks)

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