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Biology > 5.1.3 Neuronal Communication > Flashcards

5.1.3 Neuronal Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the sensory neurone do

A

carry electrical messages from sensory receptors to CNS

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2
Q

what does motor neurone do

A

carry action potential from CNS to effector such as muscle/gland

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3
Q

what does relay neurone do

A

connect sensory and motor neurones - interneurones

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4
Q

what do interneurones do

A

carry info between other neurones only found in the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

cell body

A

round, centrally located structure
contain DNA
controls protein manufacturing
directs metabolism
no role in neural signalling

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6
Q

dendrites

A

info collectors from CNS
recieve inputs from neighbouring neurones- relay
input may be thousands

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7
Q

dendritic growth

A

new dendrites can growth
provides room for more connections to other neurones
new connection are basis for learning
mature neurones generally can’t divide

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8
Q

axon

A

cells output structure
1 axon per cell - 2 distinct parts
tube-like structure branches at end that connect to dendrites of others

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9
Q

myelin sheath

A

act as electrical insulators
not present on all cells - presnt in motor and sensory neurones
made of schwann cells

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10
Q

schwann cells

A

type of lipid

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11
Q

which neurones can conduct impulses faster

A

myelinated neurones

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12
Q

where are chemoreceptors found

A

taste buds and aortic and cartoid bodies

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13
Q

what energy is detected by chemoreceptors

A

chemical stimuli in environment or blood

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14
Q

where are photoreceptors found

A

rods and cones in retina of eye

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15
Q

what energy is detected by photoreceptors

A

detect changes in light

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16
Q

where are thermoreceptors found

A

skin
hypothalmus

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17
Q

what energy is detected by thermoreceptors

A

changes in heat

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18
Q

where are mechanoreceptors found

A

touch and pressure receptors
inner ear

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19
Q

what energy is detected by mechanoreceptors

A

mechanical deformation of receptor cell membrane

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20
Q

where are nocioreceptors found

A

internal and external

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21
Q

what energy is detected by nocioreceptors

A

pain receptors
higher threshold for activate than do other receptors
need more intense stimulus required to activate

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22
Q

where are propioreceptors found

A

muscle spindles
golgi endon
joint receptors

23
Q

what energy is detected by propioreceptors

A

sense of body position and allow fine control of skeletal movements

24
Q

what does pacini corpuscle detect

A

pressure changes

25
Q

examples of internal enviroment

A

blood glucose conc
internal temperature
water potential
cell pH

26
Q

external enviroment

A

humidity
external temperature
light intensity
new or sudden sound

27
Q

Depolarisation ion movenment

A

pottasium gates close
sodium gates open
sodium ions move into cell by diffusion
voltage gated sodium ions open
inside of neurone becomes less negative

28
Q

Resting potential ion movenment

A

sodium poattasium pumps open
3 Na go out and 2 K ions go in
the inside of neurone is more negative charged

29
Q

Repolarisation and hyperpolarisation ion movement

A

K+ move out of cell
K+ channels open
Na+ channels close
inside neurone is more negatively charged

30
Q

Back to resting potential ion movenment

A

Na+ closed
K+ closed
sodium pottasium pump open
3 Na+ out
2K+ in

31
Q

Action potential

A

occurs when a nerone sends info down an axon
when stimulated membrane potential is briefely depolarised
stimulus causes membrane at one part of neurone to increase in permeability to Na+

32
Q

peak of action potential

A

once action potential of +40 mV has been estabilished the voltage gates on Na channel close

33
Q

hyperpolarisation

A

slight overshoot in movement of K+ meaning that the inside of the axon is more negative than usual
gates on K+ channels now close

34
Q

refraction period

A

time after each action potential
cell membrane can’t be stimulated to pass another signal as it takes time to recover from the last one

35
Q

why do you need a refraction period

A

makes sure action potential is only transmitted in one direction

36
Q

AP - Repolarisation

A

K+ rush out making inside cell more negative

37
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the gap which seperates the axon of one neurone from the dendrite of the next neurone
approx. 20-30 nm across

38
Q

presynaptic neurone

A

neurone along which the impulse has arrived

39
Q

postsynaptic neurone

A

neurone that recieves the neurotransmitter

40
Q

synaptic knob

A

swollen end of presynaptic neurone
contains many mitchondria and large amounts of endoplasmic reticulum to enable it to manufacture neurotransmitters

41
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

vesicles containing neurotransmitters
vesicle fuse with presynaptic membrane and release their contents into synaptic cleft

42
Q

neurotransmitter receptor

A

receptor molecules which the neurotransmitter binds to in the postsynaptic membrane

43
Q

excitatory neurotranmitters

A

results in depolarisation of the postsynaptic neurone
if threshold is reached in postsynaptic membrane an action potential is triggered

44
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

results in hyperpolarisation of

45
Q

why does synaptic transmission occur

A

-action potential reaches end of the presynaptic neurone
-depolaristaion of the presynaptic neurone causes Ca2+ channels to open
-Ca2+ diffuse into presynaptic knob
-causes synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with presynaptic membrane
-neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft by exocytosis
-neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptor molecule on postsynaptic membrane
-causes Na+ channels to open and Na+ to diffuse into postsynaptic neurone
-triggers action potential and impulse is propagated along postsynaptic neurone

46
Q

what does a synapse act as

A

junctions

47
Q

2nd step for synapse - neurotransmitter release

A

influx of Ca2+ cause synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
releases neurotransmitter into cleft
Ca2+ cause release of neurotransmitter

48
Q

3rd step for synapse - sodium channels

A

neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft
moves across by diffusion
Acetylcholine binds to receptor site on Na+ channels
Na+ channels open
Na+ diffuse in
postsynaptic neurone depolarise

49
Q

4th step for synapse - new action potential

A

depolarisation inside postsynaptic neurone must be above threshold value-55mV
if threshold reached a new action potential is sent along the axon of post synaptic neurone

50
Q

5th step for synapse

A

hydrolytic enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks acytylcholoine into acetyl(ethanoic acid) and choline
Na+ channels close
2 bits diffuseback across cleft into presynaptic neurone to allow neurotransmitter to be recycled

51
Q

6th step for synapse

A

ATP released is used to recombine acetly and choline to recycle acetylcholine which is stored in synaptic vesicles
more acetylcholine can be made in SER
synapse is now ready to be used again

52
Q

roles of synapses

A

ensure impulses are undirectional
allow impulses from one neurone to be transmitted to a number of different neurones at multiple synapses
number of neurones may lead in to same synapse with a single postsynaptic neurone

53
Q
A

Biology (25 decks)

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