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Biology > 3.1.2 Transport in animals and 3.1.3 transport in plants > Flashcards

3.1.2 Transport in animals and 3.1.3 transport in plants Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of circulatory system do mammals have

A

double circulation

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2
Q

function of heart

A

generate blood pressure

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3
Q

function of blood vessels

A

maintain and regulate pressure

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4
Q

function of pulmonary capillary bed

A

exchange surfaces

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5
Q

function of systemic capillary bed

A

exchange surfaces

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6
Q

what are the 3 circulatory fluids

A

blood
tissue fluid
lymph

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7
Q

function of blood

A

to transport O2, CO2 and waste products
maintains body temp

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8
Q

function of tissue fluid

A

fill space between cells and helps with diffusion between blood & cells

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9
Q

function of lymph

A

manage fluid levels in the body

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10
Q

what happens in capillary beds

A

transport and exchange gases, fluids and nutrients in the body

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11
Q

5 types of blood vessels

A

artery
arteriole
capillary
vein
venule

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12
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A

tunica media
tunica externa
tunica intima

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13
Q

collagen

A

structural support
maintains shape and volume

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14
Q

smooth muscle

A

changes size of lumen
contrats + relaxes

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15
Q

elastin

A

flexible
strech + recoil

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16
Q

squamous epithelium

A

flat and thin to allow molecules to pass in diffusion

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17
Q

function of coronary artery

A

supply O2 to heart muscle

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18
Q

cardiac cycle definition

A

one complete sequence of relaxation and contraction

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19
Q

what causes the lub dub sound of the heart beat

A

opening and closing of valves

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20
Q

3 stages of cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole
ventricular systole
diastole

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21
Q

Diastole

A

all chambers are relaxed
semi lunar valves close
dub sound

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22
Q

atrial systole

A

AV valves open
pressure in atria is greater than in ventricle
blood is forced out atria into ventricle

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23
Q

ventricular systole

A

AV valves close
lup sound
pressure in ventricles is higher than in aorta and pulmonary artery
semiluanr valves open and blood is forced out

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24
Q

what causes heart to contract

A

SAN sends impulse that spreads throughout atria causing it to contract
AVN recieves electrical impulse from SAN node causing slight delay then sends impulse to bundle of His
bundle of his sends impulse to apex of heart
this sends impulse up through ventricle so all blood is forced out

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25
Q

why is theyre a delay between SAN node and Avn recieving impulse

A

allows atria to completely contract and empty

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26
Q

why do plants need transport systems

A

metabollic demands
size
surface area to volume ratio

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27
Q

what metabollic demands do plants have

A

cells make there own glucose and O2 but underground parts need it transported to them and remove waste products

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28
Q

what do valves do

A

prevent backflow of blood

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29
Q

why does size effect if a plant needs a transport system

A

some plants continue to grow throughout there life and become large so need a system to move substances from roots to leaves

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30
Q

how does surface area to volume ratio effect if plant needs transport system

A

leaves have large SA:volume ratio but stem have small so cant rly on diffusion alone

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31
Q

route of blood

A

deoxygenated blood enters right atria via vena cava
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atria
left ventricle
aorta to body

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32
Q

what is the exodermis

A

outside of root

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33
Q

where is exodermis found

A

root only

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34
Q

what is the epidermis

A

outermost layer that covers stem, leaves, flower and seeds

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35
Q

where is epidermis found

A

root and stem

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36
Q

what is the cortex

A

unspecialised cell lying between the epidermis and vascular tissue of stem and roots

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37
Q

where is cortex found

A

root and stem

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38
Q

what is the endodermis

A

cyclindrical boundary that seperates vascular tissue from outer cortex

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39
Q

structure and function of xylem

A

non living tissue
transport water and mineral ions
flows material up from root to leaves and shoot

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40
Q

types of xylem tissue

A

lignified
bordered pits
xylem vessels
xylem parenchyma
xylem fibres

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41
Q

what does the xylem being lignified do

A

provides mechanical strength and resistance against pathogens
can be in rings, spiracles or solid tubes

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42
Q

what do bordered pits do

A

lets water leave xylem and enter into other cells

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43
Q

xylem vessels

A

main structure
long hollow structures made of several colomns of cells

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44
Q

xylem parenchyma

A

thick walled surrounding vessels to store food

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45
Q

xylem fibres

A

long cells lignified secondary walls that provide extra mechanical strength but dont transport water

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46
Q

adaptations of xylem tissue

A

wide hollow vessels
walls impregnated with ligment
lignin laid in spiral pattern
bordered pits in wall
continuous vessels- no end walls

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47
Q

why does xylem have wide hollow vessels

A

more water can be transported

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48
Q

why are xylem walls impregnated with lignin

A

extra mechanical strength

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49
Q

why does xylem have lignin laid in spiral pattern

A

helps reinforce vessel so doesnt collapse under water pressure

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50
Q

why does xylem have contiuous vessels

A

so flow of water isn’t slowed

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51
Q

function of phloem

A

transport sucrose/sugars around the plant from the leaves

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52
Q

structure of phloem

A

living
transports materials up and down

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53
Q

what do sieve tube elements in phloem do

A

made of many cells joined end to end to form long hollow structure
not lignified

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54
Q

what do sieve plates do in phloem

A

let phloem contents flow through

55
Q

components of blood

A

red blood cell
platelets
white blood cells
plasma

56
Q

white blood cells

A

involved in the immune system + defending against infections
many different types

57
Q

plasma

A

yellow liquid
makes up 55% of blood
carries dissolved glucose, amino acids, mineral ions, hormones and large proteins
Albumin
Fibrogen
Globulin

58
Q

red blood cells

A

bioconcave shape
no organelles
lots of haemoglobin
carry O2 around body

59
Q

where is tissue fluid formed

A

artial end of capillary bed

60
Q

where is tissue fluid reabsorbed

A

venous end of capillary bed

61
Q

oncotic pressure

A

tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis

62
Q

what is tissue fluid

A

fluid fills the spaces between the cells

63
Q

why is Bohr effect important

A

in active tissues with high partial pressure of CO2 haemoglobin gives up oxygen more readily
in the lungs where CO2 is low oxygen binds to haemoglobin molecules more readily

64
Q

why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin

A

as it can then remove oxygen from maternal blood as they move past each other
if they had the same affinity as adult then little to no oxygen would be transferred

65
Q

what are the 3 ways that CO2 is transported from the tissues to the lungs

A

in the plasma
as carbaminohaemoglobin- combined with amino acidss in chain of haemoglobin
converted into hydrogen carbonate ions in the cytoplasm of red blood cells

65
Q
A
66
Q

chlorine shift

A

negative HCO3 - ions move out of erythrocytes into plasma by diffusion and negatively charged Cl- ions move into the erythrocyte to maintain electrical balance of the cell

67
Q

what happens in diastole

A

heart relaxes
atria and ventricles fill with blood
volume and pressure of blood in heart builds as heart fills
pressure in arteries is at a minimum

68
Q

what happens in systole

A

atria contract and closely followed by ventricles contracting
pressure inside heart increases
blood is forced out of right side of heart to lungs and from left side to the body
volume and pressure in heart at the end is low and blood pressure in arteries is at maximum

69
Q

what makes the lub- dub sound

A

lub = blood forced against AV valves as ventricles contract
dub = backflow of blood closes semi-lunar valves in aorta and pulmonary artery as ventricles relax

70
Q

myogenic definition

A

muscle that has its own intrinsic rhythm

71
Q

what initiates the heart beat

A

SAN - sino-artial node

72
Q

what causes the heartbeat

A

SAN releases a electrical impulse causes atria to contract
This is then goes to the AVN which causes a delay before sending it to the bundle of His which causes a contraction from the apex of the heart in the ventricles

73
Q

why does the heart contraction start at the apex of the heart

A

allows more efficient emptying of the ventricles

74
Q

why is there a delay at the AVN

A

to allow the atria to stop contracting and completely empty before the ventricles start

75
Q

what is tachycardia

A

when heartbeat is very rapid - over 100 bpm
normal for exercise, if have fever, scared or angry
abnormal - may be caused by problems in the electrical control of the heart and may need surgery to fix

76
Q

what is bradycardia

A

when heart rate slows to below 60 bpm
many people have it if they’re fit as the heart works slower and more efficient
severe cases can be serious and require an artificial pacemaker to keep the heart beating steadily

77
Q

what is ectopic heartbeat

A

extra heartbeats out of normal rhythm
usually normal but can be linked to serious conditions if more frequent

78
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

abnormal rhythm of the heart
rapid electrical impulses generated in atria so contract very fast- up to 400 times a minute
they don’t contract properly so only some of the impulses are passed onto ventricles so blood isn’t pumped effectively

79
Q

root hair cells

A

exchange surface in plants where water is taken into the body

80
Q

adaptations of root hairs

A

microscopic size means they can penetrate easily between soil particles
each hair has large SA:V ratio - thousands on each growing root tip
thin surface layer for short diffusion and osmosis pathway
conc of solutes in the cytoplasm of root hair cell maintains a water potential gradient between soil water and the cell

81
Q

symplast pathway

A
  • moves through continuous cytoplasm of the living plant cell that is connected through the plasmodesmata by osmosis
  • root hair cell has higher water potential than next cell along so water moves by osmosis
  • continues until xylem is reached
82
Q

apoplast pathway

A
  • through the cell walls and the intercellular spaces
  • water fills spaces between the loose,open network of fibres in the cellulose cell wall
  • as water molecules move into xylem more water molecules are pulled through apoplast due to the cohesive forces between the water molecules
  • the pull with cohesive forces creates tension so there’s a continuous flow of water through the open structure of the cellulose cell wall which offfers little to no resistance
83
Q

what is the casparian strip

A

a band of waxy material called suberin that runs around each of the endodermal cells forming a waterproof layer

84
Q

steps for movement of water into the xylem

A

water moves across the apoplast and symplast pathway until it reaches the endodermis- the layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue of the roots
- when it reaches the casparian strip water in apoplast pathway can’t move any further so forced into symplast pathway to do this it passes through the partially permeable membrane
- solute conc in cytoplasm of endodermal cells is dilute compared to cells in xylem so water potential of xylem is lower than the endodermal cells so this increases rate of water moving into the xylem by osmosis
- once in vascular bundle it moves through apoplast pathway to enter the xylem

85
Q

what causes water to move up the xylem

A

root pressure

86
Q

2 types of transport vessels in plants

A

xylem
phloem

87
Q

what makes up the vascular bundle

A

xylem and phloem

88
Q

what is the exodermis

A

outside of the cell

89
Q

what is the cortex

A

unspecialised cells lying between epidermis and vascular tissues of stem and roots

90
Q

what does xylem transport

A

water and mineral ions

90
Q

what is the endodermis

A

cyclindical boundary that seperates the vascular tissues from outer cortex

90
Q

whats unusual about the xylem tissue

A

non-living

91
Q

function of bordered pits in fully lignified vessels

A

where water leaves xylem and moves into other cells

92
Q

function of lignin in the xylem

A

to provide mechanical strength and resistance against pathogens

93
Q

xylem parenchyma

A

store water and food
thick walled surrounding the vessels

94
Q

function of wide hollow vessels in xylem

A

lots of water can be transported

95
Q

function of walls impregnated with lignin in xylem

A

provide extra mechanical strength

96
Q

function of lignin laid down in spiral pattern in xylem

A

helps reinforce the vessel so it doesn’t collapse under pressure

97
Q

function of vessels being continuous in xylem

A

so flow of water isn’t slowed

98
Q

what does phloem transport

A

food in the form of organic solutes around plant from the leaves

99
Q

what do plants do with the sugars supplied by the phloem

A

used in cellular respiration and for synthesis of all other useful molecules

99
Q

which direction does the transport of molecules in the phloem go

A

up and down

100
Q

structure and function of sieve plates

A

look like sieves
allow contents to flow through
large pores in cell wall

101
Q

structure and function of plasmodesmata

A

micoscopic channels through the cellulose cell wall linking the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

102
Q

structure and function of sieve tube cells

A

made of many cells joined ened to end to form a long hollow structure

103
Q

are sieve tube elements lignified

A

not lignified

104
Q

structure and function of companion cells

A

closely linked to sieve tube elements
have nucleus and organelles

105
Q

why do sieve tubes have little cytoplasm

A

so more sugars can be pumped through

106
Q

what is transpiration

A

the evaporating of water from the aerial part of the plant

107
Q

what can stomata do to control water loss by transpiration

A

guard cells to open and close them

108
Q

why do some stomata need to be open all the time

A

for gaseous exchange

109
Q

shape and structure of guard cell

A

kidney beaned shape
highly thickened inner wall which causes them to inflate asymetrically

110
Q

mechanism of closing stomata

A
  • active transport of K+ ions ceases
    -K+ ions move back out of cell by facilitated diffusion
    -this increases the water potential in guard cells
111
Q

mechanism of opening stomata

A

-K+ ions are actively transported into the guard cell lowering the water potential
-water is moving into guard cell by osmosis down water potential gradient
-they swell with water causing stoma to appear

112
Q

transpiration stream

A
113
Q

what is translocation

A

transport of assimulates from source to sink

114
Q

what is transported in the phloem

A

sucrose
amino acids
hormones

115
Q

how is th energy requirement for translocation different than water transport

A

active process so requires energy in form ATP

116
Q

example of source

A

leaf

117
Q

example of sink

A

meristem

118
Q

steps for active phloem loading

A
  • proton pump moves H+ ions against conc gradient out of companion cell
    -conc gradient for H+ ions is created
  • H+ and sucrose move into companion cell down a conc gradient
    -sucrose is going against a conc gradient
119
Q

what is mass flow

A

bulk movement down a pressure gradient

120
Q

explain the difference between a source and a sink

A

source is the supplier of sugars such as the leaves
sink is where the sugar goes such as the roots or growing tip

121
Q

arterioles structure

A

thicker smooth muscle layer than arteries to help restrict blood flow into capillaries
elastic layer thinner than arteries as lower pressure
thinner collagen layer
thinner walls

122
Q

arteries structure

A

thick smooth muscle layer so constriction and dilation can occur
thick elastic layer to help maintain blood pressure and walls to stretch and recoil
thick walls to maintain blood pressure
collagen outer layer to provide structural support

123
Q

veins structure

A

relatively thin smooth muscle layer so can’t control blood flow
relatively thin elastic layer as low pressure
contains lots of collagen
thin walls due to low pressure so low risk of bursting
contains valves

124
Q

capillaries structure

A

1 cell thick for short diffusion distance for gas exchange

125
Q

cardiac output equation

A

HR x Stroke volume

126
Q

what is cardiac output

A

volume of blood that leaves one ventricle in one minute

127
Q

what is oncotic pressure

A

tendency of water to move into blood by osmosis

128
Q

what does coronary arteries do

A

supply cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood for aerobic respiration to provide ATP so it can continuously contract and relax

129
Q

why is left ventricle muscular wall thicker

A

so can contract with more force to pump blood at high pressure all around the body

Biology (25 decks)

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