Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > 2.1.2 Biological molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 Biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Cohesion

A

water molecules stick together e.g transpiration stream or apoplast movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

High Latent heat

A

large amount of energy required to change liquid to gas
evaporation is a cooling mechanism so sweat cools you down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

High specific heat capacity

A

large amount of energy required to change temperature therefore stable enviroment for aquatic organism so organisms use less energy on temperature control
helps organisms maintain body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ice is less dense than water

A

ice provides habitat for organisms
water beneath is insulated so it doesnt freeze so organisms dont freeze and can still swim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Universal solvent

A

transport medium
allows chemical reactions to occur quicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

surface tension

A

habitat for invertebrates
runs of waxy surfaces
water molecules cling tightly at water surface causing it to bead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Roles of Cholesterol

A

Regulates fluidity of membranes
waterproofing skin
makes bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Molecules that bind with cholesterol to form LDL’s

A

lipids
fats
protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

thermoregulation definition

A

removes heat energy through sweat evaporating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hydrogen bond definition

A

weak bond formed between slightly electronegative atom and a slightly positive atom in a different molecule
water molecule forms up to 4 H bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

properties of water

A

high surface tension
universal solvent
cohesion and adhesion
high heat capacity
change in density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Monosaccharides

A

sweet + soluble
quickly broken down in respiration to release energy
glucose, fructose, galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides
less sweet
used for short term energy storage
maltose, sucrose, lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

polysaccharides

A

long term energy storage
cellulose in plant
starch, glycogen, amylose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why aren’t polysaccharides classed as sugars

A

very large
insoluble in water
used for energy storage and structural components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

amylopectin

A

branched
1-6 glycosidic bonds
used for energy storage
compact structure
made of alpha glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
found in plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

amylose

A

form long helix
no branches
found in plant
1-4 glycosidic bond
has hydrogen bonds
compact structure
made of alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

glycogen

A

most branched
found in animals
very compact
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what lipids made of

A

C,H,O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what proteins made of

A

C,H,O,N,S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are nucleic acids made of

A

C,H,O,N,P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

alpha glucose OH is on the bottom beta glucose OH is on the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Triglyceride structure

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids tails
glycerol backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what's the difference between triglycerides
can be saturated or unsaturated can be different lengths
26
cellulose
beta glucose straight chain not coiled or branched make hydrogen bonds with eachother forming microfibrils make fibres strong and insoluble used to make cell walls
27
phospholipid structure
glycerol backbone 2 fatty acids- one saturated one unsaturated 1 phosphate head
28
what is the bond between the glycerol and the fatty acid
ester
29
macromolecules definition
very large molecule
30
cholesterol
a sterol positioned between the phospholipid with the hydroxyl groups at the periphery of the membrane adds stability and regulates fluidity keeps them fluid at low temp and prevents them becoming too fluid at high temp
31
examples of cholesterol
making bile making steroid hormones vitamin D
32
what are sterols
steroid alcohols complex alcohol molecules based on a 4 carbon ring structure with hydroxyl group at one end hydroxyl group is polar and hydrophilic rest of it is hydrophobic
33
phospholipid bilayer formation
hydrophobic tails point towards the centre away from water and hydrophilic heads face the water
34
roles of lipids
membrane formation and creation of hydrophobic barriers hormone production electrical insulation for impulse transmission waterproofing buoyancy for aquatic animals thermal insulation cushioning to protect vital organs
35
Test for lipids
emulsion tes
36
what is a protein
polymer made of amino acids
37
structure of amino acid
amine group -NH2 R group = variable group carboxylic acid group
38
bond formed between 2 amino acids
peptide bond
39
what connects when 2 amino acids are joined
H on an amine and OH of the carboxylic acid
40
what reaction is it when 2 amino acids join
condensation reaction
41
primary structure
order of amino acids and the peptide bonds
42
secondary structure
local folding of chain created by hydrogen bonds between carboxylic acids and amines alpha helix- every 4 amino acids beta pleated sheets - between adjacent amino acids antiparrallel
43
tertiary structure
folds to make 3D structure caused by interactions between R groups
44
bonds responsible for tertiary structure
hydrogen hydrophilic hydrophobic ionic disulphide
45
quaternary structure
protein made of more than 1 chain any of the tertiary bonds hold them together
46
conjugated protein
protein with non protein attached - prosthetic group
47
Globular proteins
compact and spherical shape functional - they do something soluble in water due to hydrophilic R groups on the outside
48
what does the arrangement of amino acids do for a globular protein
makes them have specific shapes to bind to s a specific receptor eg enzyme active site
49
how does a spherical shape with hydrophilic groups on the outside effect globular protein
water soluble to transport around the body eg enzymes transported in bile
50
how does relatively unstable structures affect globular protein
sensitive to environmental change = useful for maintaining homeostasis allows antibodies and enzymes to be flexible and bind to many pathogens or substrates
51
examples of globular proteins
enzyme insulin transport protein
52
use of enzyme as globular protein
specific active site shape dissolves in saliva
53
use of insulin as globular protein
chemical messenger in intracellular signalling soluble specific shape
54
use of transport protein as globular protein
haemoglobin transports O2 acts as channel and carrier proteins in the plasma membrane has iron to bind O2 soluble
55
Fibrous protein
long straight chain high tensile strength insoluble in water structural - they are something
56
why being long straight chain good for a fibrous protein
strong for protection eg skin protects blood vessels
57
why being insoluble in water good for a fibrous protein
don't want them to dissolve and disappear
58
examples of fibrous proteins
collagen keratin elastin
59
collagen
flexible so protects and allows for stretching eg skin and ligaments
60
keratin
in hair and nails - protects more vulnerable body parts hair keeps us warm as long and thin and traps air
61
elastin
found in skin and blood vessels to stretch and recoil to maintain BP alveoli stretch and recoil to make sure all air is breathed out
62
Nitrate
NO3- nitrogen supply for plants anion
63
hydrogen carbonate
HCO3 - maintain blood pH
64
chloride
Cl- balance and charge of sodium and K+ ions in cells
65
phosphate
PO4 3- cell membrane formation nucleic acid and ATP formation
66
hydroxide
OH- catalyses reactions
67
calcium
cation Ca 2+ muscle contractions and nerve impulse transmissions
68
sodium
Na+ regulates water potential
69
pottasium
K+ stomatal opening
70
Hydrogen
H+ regulates/ affect pH
71
Ammonium
NH4 + produces nitrate ions by bacteria
72
Biuret test method and what it tests for
proteins add 2cm3 of sample and 2cm3 biuret solution to test tube positive test if goes to purple/lilac
73
benedict's test method and what it tests for
reducing sugars add scm3 sample and 2cm3 benedicts reagent heat gently in water bath for 2 minute -85c positive result goes green/brick red precipitate
74
Non- reducing sugars test
add 2cm3 sample and 1cm3 HCl boil in water bath 1 min neutralise with NaHCO3 powder check pH with indicator paper carry out benedict's test positive result green/brick red precipitate
75
iodine test method and what it tests for
starch add 1cm3 to spotting tile add few drops iodine positive result goes blue/black
76
emulsion test method and what it tests for
lipids add 1cm3 ethanol add 1cm3 sample and shake vigorously add 1cm3 cold water positive test has cloudy emulsion
77
Rf value equation
distance moved by solute/ distance moved by solvent
78
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
triglyceride + 3 water molecules 3 hydroxyl groups of glycerol and 3 fatty acid hydroxyl groups react releasing 3 water molecules
79
ribose
pentose sugar used to make RNA
80
deoxyribose
pentose sugar used to make DNA
81
difference between ribose and deoxyribose
deoxyribose has 1 less oxygen from the bottom right OH group
82
Maltose
2 glucose molecules
83
lactose
galactose and glucose
84
sucrose
glucose and fructose makes 1-2 glycosidic bond

Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions