Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 2.1.2 Biological molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 Biological molecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cohesion

A

water molecules stick together e.g transpiration stream or apoplast movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

High Latent heat

A

large amount of energy required to change liquid to gas
evaporation is a cooling mechanism so sweat cools you down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

High specific heat capacity

A

large amount of energy required to change temperature therefore stable enviroment for aquatic organism so organisms use less energy on temperature control
helps organisms maintain body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ice is less dense than water

A

ice provides habitat for organisms
water beneath is insulated so it doesnt freeze so organisms dont freeze and can still swim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Universal solvent

A

transport medium
allows chemical reactions to occur quicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

surface tension

A

habitat for invertebrates
runs of waxy surfaces
water molecules cling tightly at water surface causing it to bead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Roles of Cholesterol

A

Regulates fluidity of membranes
waterproofing skin
makes bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Molecules that bind with cholesterol to form LDL’s

A

lipids
fats
protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

thermoregulation definition

A

removes heat energy through sweat evaporating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hydrogen bond definition

A

weak bond formed between slightly electronegative atom and a slightly positive atom in a different molecule
water molecule forms up to 4 H bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

properties of water

A

high surface tension
universal solvent
cohesion and adhesion
high heat capacity
change in density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Monosaccharides

A

sweet + soluble
quickly broken down in respiration to release energy
glucose, fructose, galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides
less sweet
used for short term energy storage
maltose, sucrose, lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

polysaccharides

A

long term energy storage
cellulose in plant
starch, glycogen, amylose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why aren’t polysaccharides classed as sugars

A

very large
insoluble in water
used for energy storage and structural components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

amylopectin

A

branched
1-6 glycosidic bonds
used for energy storage
compact structure
made of alpha glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
found in plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

amylose

A

form long helix
no branches
found in plant
1-4 glycosidic bond
has hydrogen bonds
compact structure
made of alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

glycogen

A

most branched
found in animals
very compact
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what lipids made of

A

C,H,O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what proteins made of

A

C,H,O,N,S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are nucleic acids made of

A

C,H,O,N,P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

alpha glucose OH is on the bottom beta glucose OH is on the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Triglyceride structure

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids tails
glycerol backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what’s the difference between triglycerides

A

can be saturated or unsaturated
can be different lengths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cellulose

A

beta glucose
straight chain not coiled or branched
make hydrogen bonds with eachother forming microfibrils
make fibres
strong and insoluble
used to make cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

phospholipid structure

A

glycerol backbone
2 fatty acids- one saturated one unsaturated
1 phosphate head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the bond between the glycerol and the fatty acid

A

ester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

macromolecules definition

A

very large molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cholesterol

A

a sterol
positioned between the phospholipid with the hydroxyl groups at the periphery of the membrane
adds stability and regulates fluidity
keeps them fluid at low temp and prevents them becoming too fluid at high temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

examples of cholesterol

A

making bile
making steroid hormones
vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are sterols

A

steroid alcohols
complex alcohol molecules based on a 4 carbon ring structure with hydroxyl group at one end
hydroxyl group is polar and hydrophilic
rest of it is hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

phospholipid bilayer formation

A

hydrophobic tails point towards the centre away from water and hydrophilic heads face the water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

roles of lipids

A

membrane formation and creation of hydrophobic barriers
hormone production
electrical insulation for impulse transmission
waterproofing
buoyancy for aquatic animals
thermal insulation
cushioning to protect vital organs

35
Q

Test for lipids

A

emulsion tes

36
Q

what is a protein

A

polymer made of amino acids

37
Q

structure of amino acid

A

amine group -NH2
R group = variable group
carboxylic acid group

38
Q

bond formed between 2 amino acids

A

peptide bond

39
Q

what connects when 2 amino acids are joined

A

H on an amine and OH of the carboxylic acid

40
Q

what reaction is it when 2 amino acids join

A

condensation reaction

41
Q

primary structure

A

order of amino acids and the peptide bonds

42
Q

secondary structure

A

local folding of chain
created by hydrogen bonds between carboxylic acids and amines
alpha helix- every 4 amino acids
beta pleated sheets - between adjacent amino acids antiparrallel

43
Q

tertiary structure

A

folds to make 3D structure
caused by interactions between R groups

44
Q

bonds responsible for tertiary structure

A

hydrogen
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
ionic
disulphide

45
Q

quaternary structure

A

protein made of more than 1 chain
any of the tertiary bonds hold them together

46
Q

conjugated protein

A

protein with non protein attached - prosthetic group

47
Q

Globular proteins

A

compact and spherical shape
functional - they do something
soluble in water due to hydrophilic R groups on the outside

48
Q

what does the arrangement of amino acids do for a globular protein

A

makes them have specific shapes to bind to s a specific receptor
eg enzyme active site

49
Q

how does a spherical shape with hydrophilic groups on the outside effect globular protein

A

water soluble to transport around the body
eg enzymes transported in bile

50
Q

how does relatively unstable structures affect globular protein

A

sensitive to environmental change = useful for maintaining homeostasis
allows antibodies and enzymes to be flexible and bind to many pathogens or substrates

51
Q

examples of globular proteins

A

enzyme
insulin
transport protein

52
Q

use of enzyme as globular protein

A

specific active site shape
dissolves in saliva

53
Q

use of insulin as globular protein

A

chemical messenger in intracellular signalling
soluble
specific shape

54
Q

use of transport protein as globular protein

A

haemoglobin transports O2
acts as channel and carrier proteins in the plasma membrane
has iron to bind O2
soluble

55
Q

Fibrous protein

A

long straight chain
high tensile strength
insoluble in water
structural - they are something

56
Q

why being long straight chain good for a fibrous protein

A

strong for protection
eg skin protects blood vessels

57
Q

why being insoluble in water good for a fibrous protein

A

don’t want them to dissolve and disappear

58
Q

examples of fibrous proteins

A

collagen
keratin
elastin

59
Q

collagen

A

flexible so protects and allows for stretching
eg skin and ligaments

60
Q

keratin

A

in hair and nails - protects more vulnerable body parts
hair keeps us warm as long and thin and traps air

61
Q

elastin

A

found in skin and blood vessels to stretch and recoil to maintain BP
alveoli stretch and recoil to make sure all air is breathed out

62
Q

Nitrate

A

NO3-
nitrogen supply for plants
anion

63
Q

hydrogen carbonate

A

HCO3 -
maintain blood pH

64
Q

chloride

A

Cl-
balance and charge of sodium and K+ ions in cells

65
Q

phosphate

A

PO4 3-
cell membrane formation nucleic acid and ATP formation

66
Q

hydroxide

A

OH-
catalyses reactions

67
Q

calcium

A

cation
Ca 2+
muscle contractions and nerve impulse transmissions

68
Q

sodium

A

Na+
regulates water potential

69
Q

pottasium

A

K+
stomatal opening

70
Q

Hydrogen

A

H+
regulates/ affect pH

71
Q

Ammonium

A

NH4 +
produces nitrate ions by bacteria

72
Q

Biuret test method and what it tests for

A

proteins
add 2cm3 of sample and 2cm3 biuret solution to test tube
positive test if goes to purple/lilac

73
Q

benedict’s test method and what it tests for

A

reducing sugars
add scm3 sample and 2cm3 benedicts reagent
heat gently in water bath for 2 minute -85c
positive result goes green/brick red precipitate

74
Q

Non- reducing sugars test

A

add 2cm3 sample and 1cm3 HCl
boil in water bath 1 min
neutralise with NaHCO3 powder
check pH with indicator paper
carry out benedict’s test
positive result green/brick red precipitate

75
Q

iodine test method and what it tests for

A

starch
add 1cm3 to spotting tile
add few drops iodine
positive result goes blue/black

76
Q

emulsion test method and what it tests for

A

lipids
add 1cm3 ethanol
add 1cm3 sample and shake vigorously
add 1cm3 cold water
positive test has cloudy emulsion

77
Q

Rf value equation

A

distance moved by solute/ distance moved by solvent

78
Q

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

A

triglyceride + 3 water molecules
3 hydroxyl groups of glycerol and 3 fatty acid hydroxyl groups react releasing 3 water molecules

79
Q

ribose

A

pentose sugar
used to make RNA

80
Q

deoxyribose

A

pentose sugar
used to make DNA

81
Q

difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A

deoxyribose has 1 less oxygen from the bottom right OH group

82
Q

Maltose

A

2 glucose molecules

83
Q

lactose

A

galactose and glucose

84
Q

sucrose

A

glucose and fructose
makes 1-2 glycosidic bond

Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions