5.1.4 Hormonal communication

Question 1

examples of protein and peptide hormones

Answer 1

insulin
glucagon
adrenaline

Question 2

examples of steroid hormones

Answer 2

oestrogen
progesterone
testosterone

Question 3

what are protein and peptide hormones

Answer 3

attach to receptor on cell surface
not soluble in membrane so DON’T enter cell

Question 4

what is a steroid hormone and can it pass through a membrane

Answer 4

can pass through membrane and enter cell
act as transcription factors

Question 5

exocrine

Answer 5

cells produce hormones and collected in a duct and stored then transferred to where they’re needed
- not in the blood

Question 6

endocrine

Answer 6

cells produce hormone directly into the blood stream for transport

Question 7

hormones definition

Answer 7

chemical messengers as they carry info from one part of the body to another

Question 8

what type of hormone can pass through the membrane such as nuclear envelope

Answer 8

steroid hormone

Question 9

what do transcription factors do

Answer 9

work alone or with other proteins to regulate by promoting or blocking the RNA polymerase from binding
- act as repressor

Question 10

where does RNA polymerase bind to when initiating the uncoiling of DNA

Answer 10

promotor region which is upstream of the structural gene

Question 11

what is an endocrine gland

Answer 11

group of cells which are specialised to secrete chemicals called hormones and are secreted directly into the bloodstream

Question 12

examples of endocrine gland

Answer 12

pancreas
adrenal gland

Question 13

what does the pituitary gland do

Answer 13

produces growth hormone which controls growth of bones and muscles
anti-diuretic hormone which increases reabsorbtion of water in kidneys and gonadotrophins which control development of ovaries and testes

Question 14

thyroid gland

Answer 14

produces thyroxine which controls rate of metabolism and rate that glucose is used up in respiration and promotes growth

Question 15

adrenal gland

Answer 15

produces adrenaline which increases heart and breathing rate and raises blood sugar level

Question 16

testis

Answer 16

produces testosterone which controls sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

Question 17

pineal gland

Answer 17

produces melatonin which affects reproductive development and daily cycles

Question 18

thymus

Answer 18

produces thymosin which promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

Question 19

pancreas

Answer 19

produces insulin which converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver and glucagon which converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver

Question 20

ovary

Question 21

effects of adrenaline

Answer 21

increased HR
pupils dilate
more light to eye
smooth muscles of airways relax
blood glucose level increase
blood vessels dilate
non essential systems slow down - digestive system

Question 22

why does HR increase when adrenaline is released

Answer 22

to deliver more O2 and glucose to the muscles

Question 23

why do your pupils dilate in response to adrenaline being released

Answer 23

to allow more light to enter the eye

Question 24

why do smooth muscles of airways relax in response to adrenaline being released

Answer 24

allows more O2 to enter and can increase breathing rate

Question 25

why do blood vessels dilate in response to adrenaline being released

Answer 25

more blood flow to muscles

Question 26

why does blood glucose level increase in response to adrenaline being released

Answer 26

more glucose to muscles for respiration

Question 27

example of non essential system that slows down when adrenaline is released

Answer 27

digestive system

Question 28

steps of adrenaline

Answer 28

-adrenaline receptor site has shape complementary to adrenaline - adrenaline activates the enzyme adenyl cyclase - adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP which can activate other enzymes in the cell

Question 29

what is a primary messenger

Answer 29

a molecule that transmits a signal around the body (outside cell)

Question 30

what does the adrenal medulla do

Answer 30

makes and releases adrenaline in response to pain and shock also makes noradrenaline which is a neurotransmitter

Question 31

what type of hormone is adrenaline

Answer 31

peptide hormones

Question 32

what does the adrenal cortex do

Answer 32

uses cholesterol to produce certain steroid hormones

Question 33

what hormones does adrenal cortex release

Answer 33

mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids

Question 34

what do mineralcorticoids do and an example

Answer 34

control the concentration of Na and K in the blood aldosterone

Question 35

what do glucocorticoids do and an example

Answer 35

help control the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins in the liver cortisol

Question 36

what is the centre of the adrenal gland

Answer 36

medulla

Question 37

what surrounds the medulla in the adrenal gland

Answer 37

cortex

Question 38

3 main areas in a kidney that you can see when you slice it open

Answer 38

cortex medulla pelvis

Question 39

colour and structure of cortex when you slice open a kidney

Answer 39

dark outer layer where the filtering of the blood takes place and it has very dense capillary network carrying blood from the renal artery to the nephrons

Question 40

what does the pancreas do

Answer 40

releases hormones

Question 41

exocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 41

amylase trypserign lipase sodium hydrogen carbonate

Question 42

what does sodium hydrogen carbonate do

Answer 42

neutralise stomach acid

Question 43

what is amylase

Answer 43

a carbohydrase

Question 44

what does trypserigen

Answer 44

an inactive form of trypsin a protease- enzyme used in digestion

Question 45

endocrine function of pancreas

Answer 45

released into pancreatic duct only certain areas of pancreas do it

Question 46

what part of pancreas do endocrine function

Answer 46

islet of langerhans cells

Question 47

what do the beta cells of islet of langerhands produce

Answer 47

insulin

Question 48

what do the alpha cells of islet of langerhands produce

Answer 48

produce glucagen

Question 49

what are cells in the liver used for

Answer 49

storage of glucose

Question 50

why are islet of langerhands surrounded by capillaries containing red blood cells

Answer 50

so hormones can be released into the blood stream

Question 51

what is the normal blood glucose level

Answer 51

4 to 6 mmol dm-3

Question 52

what happens if blood glucose is too low

Answer 52

detected by alpha cells that then secrete glucagon into blood cells glucagon targets hepatocytes which have specific receptors glycogenolysis occurs use up fats in respiration gluconeogenesis occurs

Question 53

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 53

conversion of glycogen to glusoce

Question 54

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 54

production of new glucose from amino acids and fats

Question 55

what happens if blood glucose is too high

Answer 55

detected by beta cells that then secrete insulin into blood insulin targets hepatocytes, muscle cells and othe cells insulin binds to receptors on plasma membrane of cells and activate an enzyme calles adenyl cyclase that converts ATP to cAMP cAMP acts as secondary messenger inside the cell

Question 56

what are hepatocytes

Answer 56

liver cells

Question 57

what does insulin do tp target cell if glucose is too high

Answer 57

more glucose channels in membrane so more glucose enters glycogenesis glucose convert to fats increase glucose used in respiration

Question 58

what is glycogenesis

Answer 58

glucose converted to glycogen

Question 59

how is insulin released from beta cell

Answer 59

cell membrane has pottasium and calcium ion channel K+ channeks are normally open so K+ flow when blood glucose concentration is high the glucose moves into the cell glucose is metabolised to produce ATP the ATP closes K+ channels accumulate of K+ alters potential difference across membrane - inside = less negative change in potential difference opens the Ca2+ channels Ca2+ cause vesicle of insulin to fuse with cell surface membrane releasing insulin by exocytosis