Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 5.1.4 Hormonal communication > Flashcards

5.1.4 Hormonal communication Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

examples of protein and peptide hormones

A

insulin
glucagon
adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

oestrogen
progesterone
testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are protein and peptide hormones

A

attach to receptor on cell surface
not soluble in membrane so DON’T enter cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a steroid hormone and can it pass through a membrane

A

can pass through membrane and enter cell
act as transcription factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

exocrine

A

cells produce hormones and collected in a duct and stored then transferred to where they’re needed
- not in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endocrine

A

cells produce hormone directly into the blood stream for transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hormones definition

A

chemical messengers as they carry info from one part of the body to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what type of hormone can pass through the membrane such as nuclear envelope

A

steroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do transcription factors do

A

work alone or with other proteins to regulate by promoting or blocking the RNA polymerase from binding
- act as repressor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where does RNA polymerase bind to when initiating the uncoiling of DNA

A

promotor region which is upstream of the structural gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an endocrine gland

A

group of cells which are specialised to secrete chemicals called hormones and are secreted directly into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

examples of endocrine gland

A

pancreas
adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

produces growth hormone which controls growth of bones and muscles
anti-diuretic hormone which increases reabsorbtion of water in kidneys and gonadotrophins which control development of ovaries and testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxine which controls rate of metabolism and rate that glucose is used up in respiration and promotes growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

adrenal gland

A

produces adrenaline which increases heart and breathing rate and raises blood sugar level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

testis

A

produces testosterone which controls sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pineal gland

A

produces melatonin which affects reproductive development and daily cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

thymus

A

produces thymosin which promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pancreas

A

produces insulin which converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver and glucagon which converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ovary

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

effects of adrenaline

A

increased HR
pupils dilate
more light to eye
smooth muscles of airways relax
blood glucose level increase
blood vessels dilate
non essential systems slow down - digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why does HR increase when adrenaline is released

A

to deliver more O2 and glucose to the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why do your pupils dilate in response to adrenaline being released

A

to allow more light to enter the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why do smooth muscles of airways relax in response to adrenaline being released

A

allows more O2 to enter and can increase breathing rate

25
Q

why do blood vessels dilate in response to adrenaline being released

A

more blood flow to muscles

26
Q

why does blood glucose level increase in response to adrenaline being released

A

more glucose to muscles for respiration

27
Q

example of non essential system that slows down when adrenaline is released

A

digestive system

28
Q

steps of adrenaline

A

-adrenaline receptor site has shape complementary to adrenaline
- adrenaline activates the enzyme adenyl cyclase
- adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP which can activate other enzymes in the cell

29
Q

what is a primary messenger

A

a molecule that transmits a signal around the body (outside cell)

30
Q

what does the adrenal medulla do

A

makes and releases adrenaline in response to pain and shock
also makes noradrenaline which is a neurotransmitter

31
Q

what type of hormone is adrenaline

A

peptide hormones

32
Q

what does the adrenal cortex do

A

uses cholesterol to produce certain steroid hormones

33
Q

what hormones does adrenal cortex release

A

mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids

34
Q

what do mineralcorticoids do and an example

A

control the concentration of Na and K in the blood
aldosterone

35
Q

what do glucocorticoids do and an example

A

help control the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins in the liver
cortisol

36
Q

what is the centre of the adrenal gland

A

medulla

37
Q

what surrounds the medulla in the adrenal gland

A

cortex

38
Q

3 main areas in a kidney that you can see when you slice it open

A

cortex
medulla
pelvis

39
Q

colour and structure of cortex when you slice open a kidney

A

dark outer layer
where the filtering of the blood takes place and it has very dense capillary network carrying blood from the renal artery to the nephrons

40
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

releases hormones

41
Q

exocrine function of the pancreas

A

amylase
trypserign
lipase
sodium hydrogen carbonate

42
Q

what does sodium hydrogen carbonate do

A

neutralise stomach acid

43
Q

what is amylase

A

a carbohydrase

44
Q

what does trypserigen

A

an inactive form of trypsin
a protease- enzyme used in digestion

45
Q

endocrine function of pancreas

A

released into pancreatic duct
only certain areas of pancreas do it

46
Q

what part of pancreas do endocrine function

A

islet of langerhans cells

47
Q

what do the beta cells of islet of langerhands produce

A

insulin

48
Q

what do the alpha cells of islet of langerhands produce

A

produce glucagen

49
Q

what are cells in the liver used for

A

storage of glucose

50
Q

why are islet of langerhands surrounded by capillaries containing red blood cells

A

so hormones can be released into the blood stream

51
Q

what is the normal blood glucose level

A

4 to 6 mmol dm-3

52
Q

what happens if blood glucose is too low

A

detected by alpha cells that then secrete glucagon into blood cells
glucagon targets hepatocytes which have specific receptors
glycogenolysis occurs
use up fats in respiration
gluconeogenesis occurs

53
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

conversion of glycogen to glusoce

54
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

production of new glucose from amino acids and fats

55
Q

what happens if blood glucose is too high

A

detected by beta cells that then secrete insulin into blood
insulin targets hepatocytes, muscle cells and othe cells
insulin binds to receptors on plasma membrane of cells and activate an enzyme calles adenyl cyclase that converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP acts as secondary messenger inside the cell

56
Q

what are hepatocytes

A

liver cells

57
Q

what does insulin do tp target cell if glucose is too high

A

more glucose channels in membrane so more glucose enters
glycogenesis
glucose convert to fats
increase glucose used in respiration

58
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

glucose converted to glycogen

59
Q

how is insulin released from beta cell

A

cell membrane has pottasium and calcium ion channel
K+ channeks are normally open so K+ flow
when blood glucose concentration is high the glucose moves into the cell
glucose is metabolised to produce ATP
the ATP closes K+ channels
accumulate of K+ alters potential difference across membrane - inside = less negative
change in potential difference opens the Ca2+ channels
Ca2+ cause vesicle of insulin to fuse with cell surface membrane releasing insulin by exocytosis

Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions