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PSYCO 223 > 6.1 > Flashcards

6.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescence

A

Developmental stage between childhood and adulthood

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2
Q

There are coming of age ceremonies across many cultures, what is the underlying purpose?

A

To celebrate the physical changes that come with adolescence

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3
Q

When do growth spurts start?

A

Girls, 10

Boys, 12

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4
Q

At what point are girls taller than boys and what point are boys taller than girls?

A

From 11-13 girls are taller, but by 13, boys are taller

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5
Q

Puberty

A

Period during which sexual organs mature

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6
Q

When does puberty start?

A

When brain signals other glands to begin producing adult levels of sex hormones

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7
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormone

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8
Q

Estrogens

A

Female sex hormones

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9
Q

T/F gorls and boys produce both estrogens and androgens

A

True

But the amount differs between sexes

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10
Q

Leptin

A

A hormone that plays a role in the onset of puberty

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11
Q

Menarche

A

The onset of menstruation

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12
Q

T/F there are environmental and cultural factors that affect when puberty begins in girls

A

True

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13
Q

What are the environmental and cultural differences in menarche

A

Better nourished and healthy girls start menstruation sooner
In wealthy countries, menstruation starts sooner, and richer girls in those countries start puberty sooner than less affluent girls in those countries
Stress can cause early onset

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14
Q

T/F, over the past century, girls have been entering puberty at a later age

A

False

Earlier age

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15
Q

What could be causing the earlier onset of puberty in girls worldwide?

A

Reduced disease and improved nutrition

Bpa in plastic mimic estrogen when ingested

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16
Q

Secular trend

A

Pattern of change occurring over several generations

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17
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction

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18
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs

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19
Q

Primary sex characteristics changes in girls

A

Changes in vagina and uterus

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20
Q

Secondarys ex characteristic changes in girls

A

Breast develiopment age 10
Pubic hair development age 11
Underarm hair development age 12

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21
Q

Spermarche

A

A boys first ejaculation

Usually at 13

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22
Q

Primary sex characteristic changes in boys

A

Growth of penis and scrotum age 12
Prostate gland and seminal vesicles develop
Spermarche

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23
Q

Secondary sex characteristic changes in boys

A

Pubic hair development age 12
Underarm and facial hair development age 12
Vocal cords become longer
Larynx become larger

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24
Q

What are higher hormone levels in boys associated with

A

Anger and annoyance

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25
Q

What are higher hormone levels in girls associated with

A

Anger and depression

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26
Q

What effect does menarche have on self-image of girls today vs. in the past

A

It used to scare them due to lack of education, focusing on bad stuff like cramps
Now they see themselves as young adults because of it

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27
Q

Girls often tell their mothers when they’ve had menarche, but boys rarely mention their spermarche to anyone, why might this be?

A

Mothers may provide the sanitary napkins girls need, but for boys spermarche may be seen as a sign of thieir budding sexuallity, an area they still feel uncertain about and reluctant to discuss with others

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28
Q

How do body changes associated with puberty affect female self image

A

Girls may be ashamed of their new bodies

Puberty increases fat, which goes against western ideals of female beauty

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29
Q

How does early maturation affect boys positively

A

Tend to be more successful athletes
Tend to be more popular
Tend to be more self-confident
More responsible and cooperative in adulthood

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30
Q

How does early maturation affect boys negatively?

A

More apt to have school difficulties
More likely to be involved in delinquency and substance abuse
More likely to seek company of older boys and become involved in age-inappropriate activities
More conforming
More lacking in humour

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31
Q

Overall, is early maturation positive or negative for boys?

A

Positive

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32
Q

How does early maturation affect girls positively

A

They are more sought after as dates, and this popularity may increase their self esteem

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33
Q

How does early maturation affect girls negatively?

A

The changes in their bodies might make them feel uncomfortable and different from their peers
Less mature classmates may ridicule them
They may not be emotionally ready for one-on-one dating, it’ll make them feel more different from their peers

34
Q

How do cultural norms play a role in how girls experience early maturation?

A

In societies that shame girls for open sexuality, outcomes can be negative
In societies that have open view of sex, early maturing girls have more self esteem

35
Q

How does late maturation affect boys negatively

A

Considered less attractive
Disadvantage In sports
Might have hard time dating girls if they’re short

36
Q

How does late maturation affect boys positively

A

Coping with late maturation may help them
More assertive and insightful
More creatively playful

37
Q

How does late maturation affect girls negatively

A

Overlooked in dating/mixed sex activities

Low social status

38
Q

How does late maturation affect girls positively

A

Fewer emotional issues

Tend to have more ideal (slender, leggy) body type

39
Q

What nutrients are most important for adolescents to receive during the growth spurt?

A

Calcium for bones

Iron for blood

40
Q

What is the most common nutritional concern in adolescence

A

Obesity

41
Q

T/F the proportion of obese females decrease over the course of adolescence

A

False

Increase

42
Q

What are the major culprits of adolescent obesity

A

Lack of exercise

Lack of healthy eating choices

43
Q

What may be the reason female adolescents are not getting enough exercise?

A

Lack of organized sports/recreational facilities for girls.

Cultural norms say sports are a guy thing

44
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Severe eating disorder, individual refuses to eat

45
Q

What group of people are primarily affected by anorexia nervosa

A

12-40 year old women

Affluent, white girls

46
Q

What percentage of anorexia nervosa victims starve to death

A

15-20%

47
Q

T/F anorexics avoid talking about food and don’t like handling it

A

False

They often collect cookbooks, talk about food, cook for others

48
Q

Bulimia

A

Binge eating followed by purging and guilt

49
Q

Health consequences of bulimia

A

Causes chemical imbalance that can trigger heart failure

50
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

Binging without purging

51
Q

T/F bulimia has now been recognized as a psychiatric disorder

A

False

Binge eating disorder has

52
Q

Are bulimics very skinny or very fat? Does bulimia help them lose weight?

A

They tend to be overweight/obese, and remain the same weight

53
Q

What factors cause eating disorders to occur

A 
Dieting culture
Early maturation
Genetics 
Hormonal imbalances
Perfectionist parents
Cultural views of ideal female body
54
Q

What happens to neuron development in adolescents

A

Increase grey matter
Myelination increase
Pruning by 1-2% every year

55
Q

What happens to prefrontal cortex of adolescents

A

Develops a lot
Increase efficiency with communicating with rest of brain
Provides impulse control (but it’s not too well developed)

56
Q

When do humans become better at restraining impulses?

A

When we lose more grey matter and gain more white matter

This happens throughout adolescence

57
Q

How is alcohol consumption affected by the development of the adolescent brain

A

Change in dopamine sensitivity and production can lead to reduced alcohol sensitivity, which can lead to increase in alcohol consumption

58
Q

How does sleep deprivation affect adolescents

A

Lower marks
More depressed
Mood instability
Increase risk for car accident

59
Q

Why is sleep deprivation so common for adolescents

A

Their body wants them to go to sleep and wake later

But school makes them wake up early

60
Q

T/F illegal drug use has increased in recent years

A

False

Decreased

61
Q

Who do adolescents do drugs?

A 
Seek pleasure
Escape stress
Thrill of crime
Drug-using celebrities
Peer pressure
62
Q

Addictive drugs

A

Produce biological/psychological dependence in users

Powerful cravings for them

63
Q

T/F with a biological addiction. The body cannot function without the presence of the drug, even if it doesn’t cause a high anymore

A

True

64
Q

T/F frequent heavy drinking is more common in adults 25+ than in youth 15-24

A

False

Three times higher in youth 15-24

65
Q

Binge drinking

A

Having five or more drinks in one sitting

66
Q

T/F binge drinking is a problem on campuses across canada

A

True

67
Q

What regional variances exist in binge drinking

A

More in atlantic provinces and ontario

Less in quebec and BC

68
Q

Why do young people drink?

A 
Celebrate
Be sociable
To get drunk
Prove prowess
Release stress and inhibitions
False consensus effect
69
Q

False consensus effect

A

Doing something because you think everyone else is doing it

70
Q

Alcoholics

A

People who’ve learned to depend on alcohol
Can’t control their drinking
Develop increased tolerance, need to drink more

71
Q

Do alcoholics drink throughout day or go on binges?

A

Some drink throughout the day

Some go on binges

72
Q

Why do adolescents become alcoholics?

A

Genetic predisposition

People with alcoholic parents may be more stressed out and turn to alcohol to deal with it

73
Q

In canada, do girls or boys smoke more?

A

Boys smoke more than girls

74
Q

T/F youth who smoke are more likely to drink alcohol and use drugs

A

True

75
Q

What is the most common STI

A

HPV

76
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Most deadly of all STI’s

77
Q

Chlamydia

A

Bacterial infection
Causes burning urination and discharge
Can lead to pelvic inflammation
Can lead to sterility

78
Q

What STI’s are caused by bacterial infections are there? Can they be treated?

A

Chlamydia
Gonorrea
Syphilis
Can be treated with antibiotics

79
Q

Genital herpes

A

Viral infection
Incurable
Contagious
Causes painful sores

80
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Caused by parasite

Painful discharge

81
Q

What makes teenagers avoid safe sex techniques?

A

They believe the chances of getting an STI is low

They may view their partner as “safe” if they know and trust them

PSYCO 223 (13 decks)

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