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PSYCO 223 > 2.1 > Flashcards

2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

gamete

A

reproductive cell

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2
Q

zygote

A

sperm + egg

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3
Q

genes

A

the basic unit of genetic information

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4
Q

dna

A

substance that makes up genes

determines nature n function of every cell in body

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5
Q

chromosome

A

rod shaped portions of dna

organized into 23 pairs

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6
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?

A

46

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7
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins that came from a single fertilized cell

they r genetically identical

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8
Q

dizygotic twins

A

twins that came from two separate sperm + eggs

genetically diff.

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9
Q

which pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the child?

A

the 23rd

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10
Q

what is the 23rd chromosome pair in males n females?

A

males: XY
females: XX

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11
Q

dominant trait

A

the trait that is expressed when there r 2 competing traits

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12
Q

recessive trait

A

the trait that is not expressed when two competing traits r present

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13
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

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14
Q

phenotype

A

the observable trait

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15
Q

homozygous

A

having two of the same allele

the allele of a gene you get from your mom matches the allele of the same gene you get from your dad

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16
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles

the allele of a gene you get from your mom doesn’t match the allele of the same gene you get from your dad

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17
Q

PKU

A

recessive genetic disease that makes children unable to use an amino acid in milk, and lets it build up to toxic levels

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18
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

when a combo of multiple genes r responsible for production of a particular trait

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19
Q

x linked genes

A

recessive genes that r on the x chromosome

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20
Q

are men or women more susceptible to x-linked disorders? why?

A

men

they only have one x chromosome, so if they get an x chromosome with the recessive gene, they don’t have another X chromosome with the possibility of having the dominant gene to cancel it out, like women do

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21
Q

red-green colour blindness is an x linked disorder. are more men or more women red green colourblind?

A

men

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22
Q

T/F 50% of the gene sequences is shared by all humans

A

false

99.9% of the gene sequence

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23
Q

behavorial genetics

A

studying the effects of heredity on behavior

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24
Q

down’s syndrome

A

disorder produced by presence of an extra chromosome on the twenty first pair

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25
Q

mongolism

A

the extra chromosome in the 21st pair of someone with down syndrome

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26
Q

Most frequent cause of intellecual impairment

A

Downs syndrome

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27
Q

T/F the risk of downs syndrome is much higher in younger mothers and much lower in older mothers

A

False

It’s much higher in both young and old mothers

28
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

Occurs when a particular gene is damaged on x chromosome, causes mild-moderate mental retardation

29
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Blood disorder that caused misshapen blood cells

30
Q

T/F 1 in 10 people of african descent have sickle cell anemia

A

False

1 in 10 carry the gene for sickle cell anemia

31
Q

Symptoms of sickle cell anemia

A

Stunted growth
Swollen stomach
Yellowish eyes

32
Q

Tay sachs disease

A

Disorder. Causes blindness and muscle degeneration before death

33
Q

What is the treatment for tay sachs disease

A

There is no treatment

34
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

A disorder caused by an extra X chromosome on a male

35
Q

What is the genotype of someone with Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

XXY

36
Q

Symptoms of Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Underdeveloped genitals
Extreme height
Enlarged breasts

37
Q

Children with sickle cell anemia die more in north america than in africa, why?

A

Carrying sickle cell disease raises immunity to malaria, which is common in west africa, giving them a genetic advantage

38
Q

Genetic counselling

A

Focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders

39
Q

What techniques can be used in prenatal testing?

A

First trimester screen
Ultrasound sonography
Chorionic villus sampling
Amniocentesis

40
Q

First trimester screen

A

The earliest test you can do, 11-13th week
Combines blood test and ultrasound sonography
Identify chromosomal abnormalities and disorders like heart problems

41
Q

Ultrasound sonography

A

High frequency sound waves go through the womb and make an image
This way we can see size and shape of bbay

42
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

Can be used if ultrasound and blood tests identify a problem

Insert thin needle in fetus and get hair like- samples

43
Q

What is the risk of Chorionic villus sampling?

A

1 in 100 to 1 in 200 has a risk of miscarriage

44
Q

Amniocentesis. What happens, when it happens, what it does

A

Small needle inserted in amniotic fluid and draws out fetal cell samples
Carried out 15-20 weeks into pregnancy
Can identify genetic defects with almost 100% accuracy

45
Q

T/F genetic counsellors, after going through the procedures, will give recommendations to the parents on how to deal with the issue

A

False
They will merely tell the parents their options

46
Q

What is the newest role of genetic counsellors

A

To screen people, not their children, for susceptibility to genetic disorders

47
Q

Why is genetic testing a difficult ethical issue?

A

It can cause emotional issues if you get a positive result, since now you know you have the gene for a disease

48
Q

Temperament

A

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in people

49
Q

Multifactorial transmission

A

The determination of traits by a combo of both genetic and environmental factors

50
Q

Why do some children who genetically have a heightened reactivity to stimuli end up shy and some end up outgoing?

A

The environment they’re raised in makes the difference

51
Q

T/F environment can always affect phenotype

A

False
For ex: when mothers were malnourished while pregnant during WWII, it had no effect on the babys intelligence or physical health

52
Q

What happens in nonhuman animal studies

A

We can observe genetically similar animals in different environments, to see effect of environment
We can observe genetically dissimilar animals in similar environments, to see effect of heredity

53
Q

Cons to nonhuman animal studies

A

We can’t know how it applies to humans

We’re limited cuz no single animal models behavior just like a human

54
Q

Twin studies

A

Looking at twins that were adopted at birth and raised in different environments

55
Q

What factors can affect the results of twin studies?

A

Adoption agencies try to match babies with adoptive parents similar to their biological ones, so the environments are similar anyways

56
Q

T/F the closer genetic link between individuals, the greater the correspondence of their IQ scores

A

True

57
Q

T/F personality in determined by genetics

A

~

Personality is partly determined by genetics, but environment has a role too

58
Q

T/F the risk for schizophrenia is determined entirely by genetics

A

False

Genetics play a large role, but environment has a role

59
Q

T/F alcoholism has a genetic component

A

True

60
Q

What are the three ways a child’s genes can influence their environment

A

Passive
Evocative
Active

61
Q

Passive genotype-environment

A

The parent, who is directed by their genes, chooses the environment for their child, who shares their genes

62
Q

Evocative genotype-environment

A

The child’s traits cause an influence on the environment

63
Q

Active genotype-environment

A

A child who is genetically predisposed to certain traits may choose environments where that trait is beneficial

64
Q

What type of genotype-environment relationship is the following:

A child who is genetically predisposed to be sensitive to stimulus and cries a lot, this causes the parents to be more attentive to the baby and it’s demands

A

Evocative

65
Q

What type of genotype-environment relationship is the following:

A child who is genetically well coordinated plays with a ball a lot in the house. The parents see this and decide to give her sports equipment

A

Evocative

66
Q

What type of genotype-environment relationship is the following:

An active child gravitates towards joining the sports team whilst a reserved child decides to stay home and read

A

Active

67
Q

What type of genotype-environment relationship is the following:

A sports-oriented parent has genes that promote good physical condition, and provides many opportunities to play sports

A

Passive

PSYCO 223 (13 decks)

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