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PSYCO 223 > 1.2 > Flashcards

1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F before the 1600’s, europeans didn’t have the concept of “childhood”

A

true

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2
Q

theories

A

explanations n predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing framework for understanding relationships among a seemingly unorganized set of facts or principles

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3
Q

what are the five theoretical perspectives on lifespan development

A 
psychodynamic 
behavioural 
cognitive 
contextual 
evolutionary
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4
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond ppls awareness and control

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5
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

freuds theory that unconscious forces determine personality and behavior

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6
Q

according to psychoanalytic theory, what are the 3 parts of personality?

A

id
ego
superego

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7
Q

id

what is it, what principle does it operate on?

A

primal instincts/urges

operates on pleasure principle

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8
Q

ego

what is it, what principle does it operate on?

A

the rational and responsible part

operates on reality principle

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9
Q

superego

what is it and when does it develop

A

a persons conscience

around 5-6

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10
Q

pleasure principle

A

goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

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11
Q

reality principle

A

instinctual energy is restrained in order to keep the individual safe n integrated in society

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12
Q

freuds stages of psychosexual development

A 
oral
anal
phallic
latency 
genital
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13
Q

when does the oral stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics

A

birth - 12/18 months

oral gratification from sucking, biting, eating, mouthing

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14
Q

when does the anal stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics

A

12/18 mo - 3yrs

gratification from defecating, coming to terms with toilet training

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15
Q

when does the phallic stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics

A

3 - 5/6 yrs

interesting in genitals
oedipus conflict
identifying with the same sex parent

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16
Q

when does the latency stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics

A

5/6 - adolescence

sexual concerns largely unimportant

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17
Q

when does the genital stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics

A

adolescence to adulthood

establishment of nature sexual relationships

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18
Q

according to freud, what happens when children r unable to gratify themselves during a paryicular stage?

A

fixation occurs

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19
Q

fixation

A

behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to unresolved conflict

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20
Q

who created the psychosocial theory?

A

erik erikson

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21
Q

psychosocial development

A

the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understanding of one another

as well as our understanding of ourselves as members of society

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22
Q

eriksons stages of psychosocial development

A 
trust v. mistrust
autonomy v. shame/doubt 
initiative v. guilt
industry v. inferiority
identity v. identity confusion 
intimacy v. isolation 
generativity v. stagnation
ego integrity v. despair
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23
Q

when does the trust v. mistrust stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur

A

birth - 12/18mo

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24
Q

when does the autonomy v. shame/doubt stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur

A

12/18mo - 3yrs

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25
Q

when does the initiative v. guilt stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur

A

3-5/6

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26
Q

when does the industry v. inferiority stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur

A

5/6-adolescence

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27
Q

when does the identity v. identity confusion stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur

A

adolescence

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28
Q

when does the intimacy v. isolation stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur

A

early adulthood

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29
Q

when does generativity v. stagnation stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur

A

middle adulthood

30
Q

when does the ego integrity v. despair stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur

A

late adulthood

31
Q

criticisms of freuds theory

A

no research to support
sexist
only applied to upper middle class austrians

32
Q

critisicms of eriksons theory

A

sexist

vague, can’t really b tested

33
Q

behavioural perspective

A

approach suggesting the keys to understanding development are observable behaviour and outside stimuli in the environment

34
Q

do behaviourists see development as qualitative or quantitative

A

quantitative

35
Q

classical conditioning

A

when an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus

36
Q

operant conditioning

A

form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened/weakened by association w pos/neg consequences

37
Q

behavior modification

A

formal technique for promoting desired behaviours n decreasing unwanted ones

38
Q

social learning cognitive theory

A

theory stating that learning occurs by observing the behavior of another person, called a model

39
Q

diff between conditioning (classical n operating) and social learning

A

conditioning considers learning in terms of stimuli n response

social learning argues that mental activity (thoughts/expectations) is what makes humans diff from rats, so we need to think more complexly about the issue

40
Q

cognitive perspective

A

focuses on processes that allow ppl to know, understand, and think about the world

41
Q

what did piaget believe about cognitive development

A

human thinking is arranged into schemes

42
Q

schemes

A

organized mental patterns that represent behaviours and actions

43
Q

T/F schemes represent concrete behavior

A

false

in infants they do,

but in older children it becomes more abstract

44
Q

what two principles did piaget believe explained the growth in children’s understanding of the world?

A

assimilation

accommodation

45
Q

assimilation

A

process in which ppl understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development

46
Q

accommodation

A

changes in ways of thinking in response to encounters w new stimuli n events

47
Q

criticisms of piagets theories

A

some cognitive skills emerge earlier than he thought. some ppl never reach the highest level.

plus, he suggested cognitive development is far more discontinuous than it is

48
Q

information processing approaches

A

model that seeks to identify ways individuals take in, use, and store info

49
Q

do information processing approaches view developmental advances as being qualitative or quantitative

A

quantitative

50
Q

neo piagetian theory

A

cognitive development proceeds quickly in certain areas and slowly in others.

51
Q

criticism of information processing approaches

A

they don’t offer a complete explanation of behavior, such as the onset of new skills/creativity

52
Q

cognitive neuroscience approaches

A

looks at cognitive development at the level of brain processes

seek to identify actual locations n functions within the brain related to diff types of cognitive activity

53
Q

contextual perspective

A

considers relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds

54
Q

bioecological approach

A

perspective suggesting that 5 levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals

55
Q

what r the 5 levels of environment in the bio ecological approach

A 
microsystems 
mesosystem
exosystem
macro system 
chronosystem
56
Q

microsystems

A

everyday immediate environment of the children’s lives

homes, parents, teachers

the child actively helps construct the micro system

57
Q

mesosystem

A

connects the various aspects of the microsystems

connects children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses

58
Q

exosystem

A

broader influences of societal institutions

government, community, schools, local media, places of worship

59
Q

macro system

A

larger cultural influences on an individual

society in general
types of government
value systems

60
Q

chronosystem

A

the way time n history affects development

61
Q

sociocultural theory

A

emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture

62
Q

reciprocal transaction

A

ppl n setting influence child

child influence ppl n setting

63
Q

evolutionary perspective

A

theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

64
Q

ethology

A

field which examines how biological makeup effects behavior

65
Q

behavioural genetics

A

effects of heredity on behavior

66
Q

critics of evolutionary perspective

A

doesn’t take environmental and social into account

you can’t prove it

67
Q

what is included in psychodynamic perspective

A

freuds psychosexual

eriksons psychosocial

68
Q

what is included in behavorial perspective

A

classical conditioning
operant conditioning
social cognitive learning theory

69
Q

what is included in cognitive perspective

A

piagets theory
info processing approaches
cognitive neuroscience approaches

70
Q

what is included in contextual perspective

A

bioecological

sociocultural

PSYCO 223 (13 decks)

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