1.2 Flashcards
T/F before the 1600’s, europeans didn’t have the concept of “childhood”
true
theories
explanations n predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing framework for understanding relationships among a seemingly unorganized set of facts or principles
what are the five theoretical perspectives on lifespan development
psychodynamic behavioural cognitive contextual evolutionary
psychodynamic perspective
approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond ppls awareness and control
psychoanalytic theory
freuds theory that unconscious forces determine personality and behavior
according to psychoanalytic theory, what are the 3 parts of personality?
id
ego
superego
id
what is it, what principle does it operate on?
primal instincts/urges
operates on pleasure principle
ego
what is it, what principle does it operate on?
the rational and responsible part
operates on reality principle
superego
what is it and when does it develop
a persons conscience
around 5-6
pleasure principle
goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
reality principle
instinctual energy is restrained in order to keep the individual safe n integrated in society
freuds stages of psychosexual development
oral anal phallic latency genital
when does the oral stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics
birth - 12/18 months
oral gratification from sucking, biting, eating, mouthing
when does the anal stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics
12/18 mo - 3yrs
gratification from defecating, coming to terms with toilet training
when does the phallic stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics
3 - 5/6 yrs
interesting in genitals
oedipus conflict
identifying with the same sex parent
when does the latency stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics
5/6 - adolescence
sexual concerns largely unimportant
when does the genital stage in freuds stages of psychosexual development occur and what are the characteristics
adolescence to adulthood
establishment of nature sexual relationships
according to freud, what happens when children r unable to gratify themselves during a paryicular stage?
fixation occurs
fixation
behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to unresolved conflict
who created the psychosocial theory?
erik erikson
psychosocial development
the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understanding of one another
as well as our understanding of ourselves as members of society
eriksons stages of psychosocial development
trust v. mistrust autonomy v. shame/doubt initiative v. guilt industry v. inferiority identity v. identity confusion intimacy v. isolation generativity v. stagnation ego integrity v. despair
when does the trust v. mistrust stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
birth - 12/18mo
when does the autonomy v. shame/doubt stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
12/18mo - 3yrs
when does the initiative v. guilt stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
3-5/6
when does the industry v. inferiority stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
5/6-adolescence
when does the identity v. identity confusion stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
adolescence
when does the intimacy v. isolation stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
early adulthood
when does generativity v. stagnation stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
middle adulthood
when does the ego integrity v. despair stage in eriksons stages of psychosocial development occur
late adulthood
criticisms of freuds theory
no research to support
sexist
only applied to upper middle class austrians
critisicms of eriksons theory
sexist
vague, can’t really b tested
behavioural perspective
approach suggesting the keys to understanding development are observable behaviour and outside stimuli in the environment
do behaviourists see development as qualitative or quantitative
quantitative
classical conditioning
when an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus
operant conditioning
form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened/weakened by association w pos/neg consequences
behavior modification
formal technique for promoting desired behaviours n decreasing unwanted ones
social learning cognitive theory
theory stating that learning occurs by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
diff between conditioning (classical n operating) and social learning
conditioning considers learning in terms of stimuli n response
social learning argues that mental activity (thoughts/expectations) is what makes humans diff from rats, so we need to think more complexly about the issue
cognitive perspective
focuses on processes that allow ppl to know, understand, and think about the world
what did piaget believe about cognitive development
human thinking is arranged into schemes
schemes
organized mental patterns that represent behaviours and actions
T/F schemes represent concrete behavior
false
in infants they do,
but in older children it becomes more abstract
what two principles did piaget believe explained the growth in children’s understanding of the world?
assimilation
accommodation
assimilation
process in which ppl understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development
accommodation
changes in ways of thinking in response to encounters w new stimuli n events
criticisms of piagets theories
some cognitive skills emerge earlier than he thought. some ppl never reach the highest level.
plus, he suggested cognitive development is far more discontinuous than it is
information processing approaches
model that seeks to identify ways individuals take in, use, and store info
do information processing approaches view developmental advances as being qualitative or quantitative
quantitative
neo piagetian theory
cognitive development proceeds quickly in certain areas and slowly in others.
criticism of information processing approaches
they don’t offer a complete explanation of behavior, such as the onset of new skills/creativity
cognitive neuroscience approaches
looks at cognitive development at the level of brain processes
seek to identify actual locations n functions within the brain related to diff types of cognitive activity
contextual perspective
considers relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds
bioecological approach
perspective suggesting that 5 levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals
what r the 5 levels of environment in the bio ecological approach
microsystems mesosystem exosystem macro system chronosystem
microsystems
everyday immediate environment of the children’s lives
homes, parents, teachers
the child actively helps construct the micro system
mesosystem
connects the various aspects of the microsystems
connects children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses
exosystem
broader influences of societal institutions
government, community, schools, local media, places of worship
macro system
larger cultural influences on an individual
society in general
types of government
value systems
chronosystem
the way time n history affects development
sociocultural theory
emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
reciprocal transaction
ppl n setting influence child
child influence ppl n setting
evolutionary perspective
theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
ethology
field which examines how biological makeup effects behavior
behavioural genetics
effects of heredity on behavior
critics of evolutionary perspective
doesn’t take environmental and social into account
you can’t prove it
what is included in psychodynamic perspective
freuds psychosexual
eriksons psychosocial
what is included in behavorial perspective
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
social cognitive learning theory
what is included in cognitive perspective
piagets theory
info processing approaches
cognitive neuroscience approaches
what is included in contextual perspective
bioecological
sociocultural
