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PSYCO 223 > 3.1 > Flashcards

3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

How large is the head in comparison with the body at birth?

A

1/4th of the entire body size

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2
Q

What are the four principles of growth

A

Cephalocaudal principle
Proximodistal principle
Principle of hierarchical integration
Principle of the independence of systems

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3
Q

Cephalocaudal principle

A

Growth starts at at the head and upper body, then continues down

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4
Q

Proximodistal principle

A

Development starts at centre, proceeds out

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5
Q

Principle of hierarchical integration

A

Simple skills are developed separately and independently, and those simple skills are integrated into complex ones
(eg: you can’t grasp a spoon unless you know how to move your fingers)

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6
Q

Principle of the independance of systems

A

Different body systems grow at different rates. Just because growth is happening in one system, doesn’t mean there’s growth happening in other systems

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7
Q

Neurons

A

Basic nerve cell of the nervous system

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8
Q

How do neurons communicate

A

Neurotransmitters travel across synapse to reach the dendrites of the next neuron

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9
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between neurons

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10
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

Neurons that aren’t used/don’t become interconnected with other neurons die out

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11
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty substance around neuronal axons, insulates and speeds transmission

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Upper layer of the brain

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13
Q

Which parts of the brain are most developed at birth?

A

Subcortical levels of the brain, the ons that regulate breathing, heart rate,

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14
Q

Shaken baby syndrome

A

Caretaker shakes infant, brain rotates in skull, blood vessels can tear and destroy neuron connections. Can be fatal. Can cause long term physical and learning disabilities

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15
Q

Platicity

A

The degree to which a developing structure/behavior is modifiable due to experience

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16
Q

Sensitive period

A

Specific but limited time where the individual is susceptible to environmental influences on development

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17
Q

Rhythms

A

Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior

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18
Q

State

A

The degree of awareness the infant displays both internal and internal simulation

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19
Q

T/F infant’s experience REM sleep

A

False, they experience period of sleep where their heart rate increases, breathing quickens, blood pressure rises, and sometimes eyes quickly move back and forth

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20
Q

How do the brain waves of sleeping infants compare to the brain waves of sleeping adults

A

They differ

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21
Q

Sudden infant Death Syndrome

A

The unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby, usually in their sleep

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22
Q

Possible causes of SIDS

A

Maternal alcohol use and smoking can make medulla dysfunction

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23
Q

Reflexes

A

Unlearned, organized, involuntary responses to certain stimuli

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24
Q

Rooting reflex
What it is
When it disappears
Possible function

A

Newborns will turn their head towards things that touch their cheek
3 weeks
Food intake

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25
Q

Stepping reflex
What it is
When it disappears
Possible function

A

When you hold a baby up off the floor, they’ll automatically move their legs up off the floor
2mo
Prepares them for walking

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26
Q

Swimming reflex
What it is
When it disappears
Possible function

A

In you put baby face down in water they’ll kick and paddle
4-6mo
Avoiding danger

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27
Q

Moro reflex
What it is
When it disappears
Possible function

A

When the baby’s neck/head support is removed, they’ll thrust their arms out and try to grasp onto something
6mo
Protection From Falling

28
Q

Babinski reflex
What it is
When it disappears
Possible function

A

Of you stroke outside infants floor, they’ll fan their toes out
8-12mo
unknown

29
Q

Startle reflex
What it is
When it disappears
Possible function

A

In response to sudden noise, infant flings out arms, arches back, spreads fingers
Stays in different form
Protection

30
Q

Eye blink reflex
What it is
When it disappears
Possible function

A

In exposure to direct light, rapid opening and shutting of eye
Remains
Protection of eye from direct light

31
Q

Sucking reflex
What it is
When it disappears
Possible function

A

Infants tendency to suck on things that touch it’s lips
Remains
Food intake

32
Q

Gag reflex
What it is
When it disappears
Possible function

A

Infants tendency to clear its throat
Remains
Prevents choking

33
Q

T/F there are ethnic/cultural differences in reflexes

A

True

34
Q

What are the milestones of motor development?

A 
Rolling over
Grasping rattle
Sitting without support
Standing while holding
Grasping with thumb and forefinger
Standing alone well
Walking well
Building tower of two cubes
Walking up steps
Jumping in place
35
Q

What age do babies start crawling

A

Between 8-10mo

36
Q

What age do babies starts walking with support?

A

Around 9mo

37
Q

What Age do babies start sitting without support?

A

Around 6mo

38
Q

Pincer grasp

A

Grasping with thumb and forefinger

39
Q

Norms

A

The average performance of a large sample of children of a given age

40
Q

NBAS

A

A test based on norms, designed to determine infants neurological and behavioral responses to their environment

41
Q

To what extent are norms useful?

A

To the extent that they are based on ata fro, a large, heterogenous, culturally diverse sample of children.

42
Q

T/F there are timing differences in child development

A

True

43
Q

Malnutrition

A

Not having the correct amount of of the right nutrients

44
Q

T/F children who were malnourished in infancy do similarly to non-malnourished peers on IQ tests and perform just as well in school

A

False

They do worse

45
Q

Marasmus

A

Disease where infants stop growing
Caused by malnutrition during 1st year
Fatal

46
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Childs body swells with water
Gives the illusion that the child is just chubby
Caused by malnutrition when child is older

47
Q

Nonorganic failure to thrive

A

Disorder where children stop growing due to lack of stimulation and attention from parents
Usually occurs by 18mo
Can be reversed if they get love and support

48
Q

What is obesity defined as

A

Weight greater than 20% above the average for a given height

49
Q

What is the WHO‘s stance on bottle vs. breast feeding?

A

For first 6mo, breast milk is best

50
Q

Why may breast milk be better?

A

Contains all nutrients necessary for growth
Offers some immunity for diseases
More easily digested than cow’s milk or formula
It’s sterile and warm

51
Q

T/F research shows formula fed infants show equivalent cognitive performance in preschool

A

True

52
Q

Weaning

A

The gradual cessation of breast/bottle feeding

Starts when formula/solids are introduced, is complete when breastfeeding is completely eliminated

53
Q

Sensation

A

The physical stimulation of the sense organs

54
Q

Perception

A

The sorting of, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain

55
Q

What is an infants distance vision like?

A

About 1/10 to 1/3 of that of the average adult

56
Q

What happened in the visual cliff study?

A

The infants, who were about 6-14mo could not be coaxed to cross over to the other side, as they perceived the depth of the “drop”

57
Q

T/F infants prefer simple perceptual stimuli

A

False

They prefer complex perceptual stimuli

58
Q

When do babies start to hear?

A

From inside the womb, when hearing begins to develop

59
Q

Sound localization

A

Using the time difference in when a sound hits our right vs. our left ear to pinpoint the source of a sound

60
Q

Why do babies have worse sound localization than adults?

A

They have small heads

61
Q

T/F infants can distinguish the smell of their parents from other adults?

A

~

Breast fed infants can detect the smell of their mother, not their father, and not if they’re bottle fed

62
Q

T/F infants have a tendency to favour sweet tastes

A

True

63
Q

T/F infants have very well-developed sense of smell

A

True

64
Q

T/F infants can experience pain

A

True

BUT there seems to be a developmental progression: newborns take longer to respond to pain

65
Q

Multimodal approach to perception

A

The approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated

66
Q

Affordances

A

The options that a given situation/stimulus provides

Ex: infants get scared going down a ramp because it affords the possibility of falling

PSYCO 223 (13 decks)

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