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PSYCO 223 > 2.2 > Flashcards

2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fertilization

A

Joining of sperm and egg to make the zygote

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2
Q

Where is the ovum fertilized?

A

In the fallopian tube

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3
Q

What are the stages of prenatal development

A

Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal

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4
Q

When is the germinal stage

A

Fertilization-2 weeks

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5
Q

When is the embryonic stage

A

2-8 weeks

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6
Q

When is the fetal stage

A

8 weeks-birth

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7
Q

What happens in germinal stage

A

Zygote undergoes cell division and becomes blastocyst, moves towards uterus

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8
Q

What happens in embryonic stage

A

Organism now called embryo
embryo firmly attached to uterine wall
Child develops three layers
nervous system begins to function at week 5

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the embryo

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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10
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer

Forms skin, teeth, sense organs, brain, spinal cord

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11
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer

Forms muscle, bones, blood, circulatory system

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12
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer

Forms digestive system, liver, pancreas, respiratory system

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13
Q

What portion of the organism undergoes most rapid growth during embryonic period?

A

Head and brain

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14
Q

What happens in fetal stage

A 
Organism now called a fetus
Increases in size
Organs differentiate and start to work
They can start learning
Sex differentiation
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15
Q

Infertility

A

Inability to conceive after 12-18 mo of trying

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16
Q

What are some treatments for infertility

A

Artificial insemination

In vitro fertilization

17
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Sperm placed directly in woman’s reproductive tract by physician

18
Q

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

Egg is fertilized by sperm in a lab

19
Q

Ethical issues with surrogate mothers

A

Some surrogates refuse to give up child after birth

Surrogate mother may try to seek a role in childs life after birth

20
Q

Difference between miscarriage and abortion

A

Miscarriage is involuntary

Abortion is voluntary

21
Q

Teratogen

A

Environmental factor that produces a birth defect

22
Q

T/F placenta can block teratogens from the fetus

A

False

23
Q

T/F teratogens are always severely harmful

A

False, timing is important. Some teratogens are more harmful early on, but don’t make a difference later in development

24
Q

T/F even a small quantity of a teratogen is guaranteed to harm

A

False

Quantity matters

25
Q

What factors related to the mother can be a teratogen?

A 
Mothers diet
Her age
Prenatal support
Her health
Her drug use
Alcohol and tobacco use
26
Q

How does mothers diet affect fetal development

A

High nutrient diet ⇒ fewer problems

Restricted nutrients ⇒ more problems

27
Q

How does mothers age affect fetal development

A

Too young or too old ⇒ more problems

28
Q

How does mothers prenatal support affect fetal development

A

If they don’t have enough money to access the right healthcare, they’re less likely to be able to treat/prevent problems

29
Q

How does mother’s health affect fetal development

A

If the mom gets ill during pregnancy, it could harm the baby

30
Q

Rubella

A

German measles. If contracted before week 11, baby can suffer from blindness, brain defect, deafness, heart defect

31
Q

How does mothers use of alcohol and tobacco affect fetal development

A

Evidence shows even small amounts of alcohol/nicotine use can disrupt development of fetus

32
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome/FAS

A

Cognitive impairments, delayed growth, facial deformities

33
Q

Fetal alcohol effects

A

Condition where children display some, not all, of problems of FAS, due to mothers consumption of alcohol while pregnant

34
Q

Do fathers affect prenatal environment?

A

Yes
If father smokes, mom and baby can get secondhand smoke
Abusive fathers increase maternal stress, which increases fetal stress
Alcohol and drugs impair sperm

PSYCO 223 (13 decks)

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