6 Withdrawal/ Reversal Designs and changing criterion Flashcards
To show that changes in behavior can be reversed by switching conditions
Reversal design
May typically be used to encompass both Withdrawals AND Reversals of an independent variable, to demonstrate “behavioral reversibility”
Also, see graph
If the data reversed when you predicted, then your ABA design has more strength towards showing a
_____
Reversal design - ABAB
Functional Relation
Using an ABAB Design: (Reversal)
If the data systematically conforms to each change in the independent variable when expected; then our ABAB reversal is even stronger at showing a ______ _____. between_________. And ____
- Functional relationship
- Environment (IV)
- behavior (DV)
Using ABAB design continued:
If the data don’t conform with your prediction here..
Ex, , what if the behavior rate remained low during the second praise condition?
EXTRANEOUS variable had caused the change you saw in the first Praise phase
something is causing the praise to be less effective in the second appraisal fees
Was treatment correctly implemented?
Did some extraneous event render praise in effective?
Whatever the case, the best we can conclude from the data at this point is that we have failed to demonstrate a functional relation
Straightforward arrangement
Typically results in most powerful demonstration of functional relations
Advantages – reversal/ withdrawal design
Should not be used if behavior cannot be reversed for practical or ethical reasons
May require considerable time because stability is required in all phases
Can be confounded if extraneous variable systematically varies within IV in the experiment such as sequence effects
Limitations: reversal/withdrawal design
Based on the A-B design, but stronger than that, since the Treatment phase is divided into sub- phases
Each sub phase involves a different criterion, or value of the IV
The criteria are systematically increase or decrease after each criterion is met (per sub phase), until some ultimate behavioral goal is eventually reached
See graph in hand out
The changing criterion design -CCD
General rule of thumb:
The greater the variability in the data, the greater a criterion change needs to be. Observe on the graph that as the data became more stable, the criterion changes got smaller in this graph
Vertical phase change lines are optional
Bi-directional- Instead of the criterion changing in just the app or the down direction (Uni directional), A bidirectional change, has criterion going into directions
Changing criterion design
Step- Wise
A bidirectional change in a CCD has also been referred to as a mini reversal that can make the CCD design stronger in regard to showing a…
Functional relation
But it’s not always an option, As with any reversal.
Treatments don’t have to be withdrawn like with a reversal design
Multiple baseline, behaviors, subjects, or settings are not necessary
Useful for demonstrating experimental control with “step wise” changes in criterion during fading and shaping procedures
CCD: advantages
May require a lot of time and effort to plan
Changing criterion design
What can make a change in criterion design stronger?
A. Small changes in criterion when the day to get more variable
B. Criteria that both increase and decreases ( Bi-directional change)
C. All of the above
B. Criteria that both increase and decrease
The results from which design are generally strongest for demonstrating functional relations between behavior and environment?
Ab
ABA
CCD
ABA, ie, a reversal
RAPID alternation between TWO or more treatments/IIV’s, while repeatedly measuring the DV
No need to wait for steady state responding before alternating to the next treatment condition
Similar to “withdrawal design”, Except,
.. has very BRIEF “phases” (Rapid)
Multi element design
Experimental control is demonstrated here because the DV is consistently different in one condition relative to the others i.e., there is differentiation in the data path/they’re not all tangled together
Multi element graph
