18 stimulus equivalence, matching law beCusp, Generative Flashcards
Train two things:
See word and match item,
Seaword and say word
For free you got:
See item and match item; see text and match item; see item and match text; Hear word and match item; Hear word and match text; Hear word and say word; See item and say word; see text and say word this what the hell oh no
Describes the emergence of accurate responding to untrained and non-reinforced stimulus stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some other stimulus stimulus relations
Stimulus equivalence
- Reflexivity
- Symmetry
- Transitivity
Three types of relations involved in stimulus equivalence
A learner is showing a picture of a bicycle and three choice pictures of a car, and airplane, and a bicycle
……has occurred if the participant without training, select the bicycle from the three choice pictures
Example of reflexivity
Demonstrated when the participant learns that the spoken word bicycle, sample stimulus A matches a comparison picture of the bicycle comparison b, and then without additional training or reinforcement the participant when presented with the picture of a bicycle, sample stimulus B, selects the comparison spoken word bicycle, comparison A
Example of symmetry
If A , E.g., (spoken picture name, bicycle)= B (EG., The picture, bicycle), and….
B (The picture, bicycle) = C (Written word for the picture, bicycle) Then…
C, written word bicycle = A, spoken name bicycle, Emerges without additional instruction or reinforcement
Example Of transitivity
A type of relation occurs when, in the absence of training and reinforcement, a response will select a stimulus that is matched to It’s self. A = A
Reflexivity
A type of relation that occurs when after learning that letter A = B, the learner demonstrates that B = A in without direct training on that relationship
Symmetry
A type of relation occurs when after learning that a = B and B= C, The learner demonstrates that letter a = C that emerges without direct training on that relationship
The final and critical test for equivalence
The combination of three prior untrained stimulus stimulus sequences
Transitivity
Well designed curricular an instructional program to take it vantage of knowledge of how … Relationships are acquired
Learners affectively taught by such curricular are able to recombine a small set of previously learned relations into much larger repertoire of equivalent relations without specific training on the new relations
Stimulus equivalence
Like Behavioral Contrast,
• It is descriptive not explanatory
• Empirical phenomenon
• Explanatory theory behind why we do this can be found in relational frame theory
• It’s suggest that stimulus equivalence occurs by virtue of multiple exemplar training and differential reinforcement of relational responding
•
Stimulus equivalents
As indicated by the name, the derived relations are ones of sameness
In some way or other the stimuli share some similar property or feature
The organism react to them in similar manner is because of the derived relationship
Example: Traffic light
Stimulus equivalents
Choice is equal to…
Concurrent schedules
R1/R1 + R2 = SR1/SR1 + SR2
Matching law
FI 1. Time allocation: 60
FI 2. Time allocation 30
Concurrent schedules
rs/rs + rs
Relative frequency of reinforcement
A procedure for investigating conditional relations.
Sample stimulus is presented in the Learning must match the appropriate corresponding stimuli to the sample stimulus
Then two or three other stimuli are added to the array of sample stimuli.
The responses that match the comparison stimuli to the sample stimuli are reinforced
Match to sample
Side preference, guessing, mixing the order of the sample stimuli, mixing the order of the comparative stimuli
Match to sample considerations
Building blocks:
Behavior analysts develop repertoire is for their clients by teaching skills in a specific order
Just like building a house, it is important to carefully create the foundation
… Are part of that foundation
Behavioral Cusps
This change Refers to:
extent of the behavior changes they systematically enable
Systematically expose behavior to new cusps
Audiences view of whether these changes are important for the organism
…,”Beyond of the change it self…”
Behavioral cusp
By using the steps, the behavior analyst can systematically select target behaviors and outcomes that are important to the consumer
When selecting a target behavior and outcomes, you should attend to whether the outcome will lead to:
Access to new reinforcers, Social validity, generative Ness, competition with inappropriate responses, number and importance of people involved
Behavior cusp
Does target yield a whole New World for a consumer? Example pushing a button
Access to new reinforcers, behavioral cusp
Some responses facilitate for the Learning by either:
being a prerequisite of a more complex response
Component of a more complex response
A deficit in any of these skills becomes a wall blocking progress
Teaching the skills to overcome these deficits is critical
Generativeness- Behavioral cusp
If you select behavior that will become more efficient at obtaining the same consequence… It will show up. See matching law
Often when choosing decelerated of target behaviors, we should attend closely to a potential cost that may render it useless
Response competition
Behavior that once learned, produces corresponding modification or covariations in other adaptive untrained behaviors
Pivotal behavior
These all seem different but there is one thing they all have in common…
Deficiency
Assembly line
Identifying and targeting Behavioral Cusps and Pivotal Behavior allow for more…
The faster that a person can develop a complex repertoire the better that Person will be able to adapt
Efficiency in learning
The foundation of language and cognition?
Relation -
- 30-year-old man (dad) is older than a four-year-old.
- four-year-old is older than an infant
- 30 year old is younger than a 60 year old
- 60!year of (grandfather) is younger than his own father (Great grandfather)Room for a trade relations you get a bunch others
Relational frames
Similar to stimulus equivalence
Stimulus equivalence cannot easily deal with the older/younger elation because they are not equivalent.
A different family of training
Relational frame theory
Establish nine arbitrary contextual control
Use physically similar stimuli and reinforce some but not others in presence of our contextual cues
If we wanted to establish same/different relational frames…
Once you have taught the same/different with non-arbitrary, you use new stimuli
These could be a series of letters or nonsense words
Relational frame theory
Reinforcer ID
Observational learning
Joint attention
Establishing MAND/TACT repertoires
Instructional control
Naming
Reading/spelling
Math
Syntax and grammar
Analogical reasoning
Perspective taking
Empathy
Self-directed rules
Flexible, intelligent, creative behavior
Some uses for RFT… Relational frame Theory
