13- Prompts Flashcards
Operate directly upon the response;
Verbal
Model
Physical prompts
Response prompts
Operate directly upon the antecedent stimuli:
Within stimulus
Extra stimulus
Stimulus prompts
Antecedent stimuli that are intended to evoke a response in the presence of a putative SD , particularly when the SD, or SD to be, is failing to evoke that response
There are several categories and types of prompts :
Response prompt
Stimulus prompts
Prompts
A.k.a., redundancy prompt
Example: Making letters You want to learn Boulder Or a larger font. Or a new color.
Within stimulus prompts
Placing a picture of a ball over each letter
Apart from the Original stimuli
Tapping, point, a stair or just a glance at the stimulus being taught a.k.a. movement to
Position cue
Extra stimulus prompts
However one prompts, the next step is:
fading out that prompt as soon as possible, in an effort to…
(Stimulus prompt fading)
Transfer stimulus control to natural discriminative stimuli and EOS2,
Most to least (fading out)
Graduated guidance
Least to most
Time delay
Four ways to fade response prompting
Involves giving the highest level of assistance necessary
e.g., physical guidance through the entire behavior, then,
trial to trial and session to session,
gradually reducing the amount of assistance given
Most to least (fading out)
Involves hand over hand assistance, or the teachers hands closely following the learners movements, and the combined use of physical prompting and feeding within each trial or session.
To clarify, the teacher moves in when needed and moves away feed as soon as possible until needed again
Graduated guidance
Fading in, involves giving the lowest level of prompting necessary, but trial trial, giving greater and greater assistance until the learned response correctly, after the natural SD is presented
Least to most
Constant
progressive,
Time delay
—procedure typically starts with several trials of the simultaneous delivery of the prompt and natural SD. In later trials, the prompt is delivered after a fixed amount of time from the SD delivery e.g., Three seconds
constant time delay
Very similar to the constant delay, except in later trials, the prompt is progressively delayed. E.g., by one second increments, after the SD delivery when criteria are met
Progressive time delay
During each pitch a coach puts his hands around a child when swinging a baseball bat and/or closely follows the child swing with his hands. He fades his promise in as necessary, and fades out as soon as possible. This example is best described as:
Graduated guidance, feeding response prompts
A planned or unplanned and to see the stimulus that evokes imitative behavior
A model
The topography of the model must be the controlling variable for any…
Imitative behavior
A response that:
Immediately follows the model – antecedent stimulus
Has formal similarity with the model
Is evoked by the topography of the model
Requires the learner to have in imitative repertoire
Imitation
If the learner has not mastered generalized imitation, then explicit… may be in order
Typically begins when the teacher says do this, then models the action
If Learning can’t imitate the skill, the skill may be broken down into smaller steps and/or prompting such as graduated guidance maybe use, then faded out as soon as possible when the learner is successful
Imitation training
Involve the differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a final form of the target behavior
Leads to Differentiated responding i.e., differentiation, across topographies, or within topographies
Shaping
Involve the reinforcement of some response topographies, but not other topographies, including those required from previous steps
Typically done in small steps, with response forms that are closer and closer to the final form of the target response
Shaping across topographies
Involves the reinforcement of some amount of a dimension of a response but not other amounts of that dimension including amounts required from previous steps
That is, the response topography stays constant, but it’s rate, duration, latency, or intensity etc. is differentially reinforced and small steps, and closer and closer approximations to the final amount of the targeted response dimension
Note: prompting and prompt fading are often used during a shaping procedure but it’s not always necessary
Shaping within topographies
Response prompts
Stimulus prompts
Types of prompts
A prompt that operates directly upon the response
Verbal, model, physical
Response prompt
A prompt that operates directly upon the antecedent stimuli
Within stimulus
Extra stimulus
Stimulus prompt
