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Bio 110 > 6. Endocrine System Chp 13 > Flashcards

6. Endocrine System Chp 13 Flashcards

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0
Q

Paracrine

A

Released into the interstitial for local action

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1
Q

Intro to endocrine

A

Includes cells, tissues and organs that secrete hormones which act on target cells

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2
Q

Autocrine

A

Affect only the secreting cell

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3
Q

Hormone

A

Biochemical secreted by a cell to affect the function of other cells (or itself) or by means of contact or blood transport to these target cells with specific receptors of proteins or glycoproteins

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4
Q

Functions of hormones

A 
Regulate metabolic processes
Control rates of some chemical reactions
Aid in transport through membranes 
Regulates water balance 
Electrolyte balance 
Blood pressure
Reproduction and growth
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5
Q

Steroid

A

Synthesized from cholesterol

Soluble in lipids therefore diffuse into cells to activate genes on DNA to synthesize specific proteins or can inhibit genes

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6
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Nonsteroidal produced in a variety of cells; regulate neighboring cells

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7
Q

Actions of steroids

A

Alter metabolic processes. Go through blood bound to plasma proteins. Diffuse through cell membranes.

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8
Q

Hormone receptor complex

A

Usually combine in nucleus with protein receptor This binds to a particular region of DNA which activate or inhibit genes

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9
Q

Control

A

Three different systems but all employ negative feedback. Hormones have half lives

Hormonal
Nervous
Vascular

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10
Q

Hormonal

A

Hypothalamus stimulates ant. Pituitary: release tropic influencing hormones stimulating other endocrine glands to release

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11
Q

Nervous

A

Nervous system stimulates some endocrine glands directly

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12
Q

Vascular

A

Plasma levels stimulate some endocrine glands directly

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13
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Lies in the sella turcica

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14
Q

Somatotropin

A

Other name: growth hormone
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: stimulates cells to enlarge and rapidly divide

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15
Q

Growth hormone

A

Childhood: if levels are high it’s called gigantism
if levels are to low it’s called dwarfism

Adult: if levels are high it’s called: acromegaly

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16
Q

Prolactin hormone

A

Other name: PRL
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: milk production

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17
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Other name: TSH
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: excess levels lead to a goiter

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18
Q

Adrenocortiocotropic

A

Other name: ACTH
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: acts on adrenal cortex

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19
Q

Follicle stimulating

A

Other name: FSH
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: Growth and development of follicles to secrete estrogen and mature eggs/sperm production

20
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Other name: LH
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: Promotes secretion of sex hormones

21
Q

Anti diuretic hormone

A

Other name: ADH
Location: post pituitary
Function: decrease urine formation and cause vasoconstriction

22
Q

Oxytocin

A

Other name: OT
Location: post pituitary
Function: smooth muscle contraction

23
Q

Thyroid

A

Removes Iodine from the blood for producing thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate the metabolism of CHO, proteins and fats

24
Q

Thyroxine

A

Regulates BMR 95%

25
Q

Triiodothyronine

A

Regulates BMR 5x stronger

26
Q

Calcitonin

A 
Location: thyroid 
Function: 
lowers blood calcium
Inhibits osteoclasts
Stimulates osteoblasts
27
Q

Graves disease

A

Autoimmune disease
Antibodies bind to TSH receptors. TSH gets stimulated which leads to over active thyroid. 24/7 will produce thyroid hormones making a goiter

28
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

BMR is up. Can’t sit down. Low weight. Have a goiter

29
Q

Infantile hypothyroidism

A 
Thyroid is under active in infant
Metabolism slows down 
Creatinism
Stunted growth
Mental retardation
Sluggish
Irreversible
30
Q

Adult myxedema (hypothyroid)

A

Slow. Sluggish. Mental retardation gradually occurs.

31
Q

Goiter

A

Thyroid enlarges but you are hypothyroid, low iodine levels, providing T3 and T4 but they are junk

32
Q

Parathyroid

A 
(PTH) 
Increase blood calcium levels
Stimulates osteoclasts 
Inhibits osteoblasts 
Decreasing kidney function
33
Q

Adrenal

A

Medulla sympathetically

34
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenalin
Fight or flight
Increased heart rate, BP, breathing rate, cardiac contraction

35
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Noradrenalin

Fight or flight

36
Q

Aldosterone

A

Water retention by conserving sodium ions

37
Q

Renin-angiotensin system

A

If BP drops the kidneys release renin which decomposes angiotensinogen releasing angiotensin 1. This is converted by ACE into angiotensin 2 which stimulates the release of aldosterone

38
Q

Cortisol

A

Stimulates glucose from non carbs

39
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Making of glucose from non carbs

40
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Converts glycogen into glucose

42
Q

Androgens

A

Supplement gonads

43
Q

Insulin

A
  1. ) glucose into glycogen
  2. ) inhibits noncho into glucose
  3. ) facilitate diffusion of glucose into cells
  4. ) amino acids into cells
  5. ) increase protein synthesis
  6. ) adipose synthesis and storage of fats
44
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Juvenile

Insulin, BETA cells are wiped out

45
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

40 and older
But now it’s overweight.
Progressively loose insulin receptors

Under exercise, over eat, hereditary

46
Q

Melatonin

A

Location: pineal
Function: part of regulation of circadian rhythms

47
Q

Thymus

A

Behind the sternum. Thymosins: WBC production and differentiation

48
Q

Glucagon

A
  1. ) converts glycogen into glucose
  2. ) convert noncho into glucose
  3. ) catabolism fats

Bio 110 (12 decks)

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