6. Endocrine System Chp 13

Question 0

Paracrine

Answer 0

Released into the interstitial for local action

Question 1

Intro to endocrine

Answer 1

Includes cells, tissues and organs that secrete hormones which act on target cells

Question 2

Autocrine

Answer 2

Affect only the secreting cell

Question 3

Hormone

Answer 3

Biochemical secreted by a cell to affect the function of other cells (or itself) or by means of contact or blood transport to these target cells with specific receptors of proteins or glycoproteins

Question 4

Functions of hormones

Answer 4

Regulate metabolic processes
Control rates of some chemical reactions
Aid in transport through membranes 
Regulates water balance 
Electrolyte balance 
Blood pressure
Reproduction and growth

Question 5

Steroid

Answer 5

Synthesized from cholesterol

Soluble in lipids therefore diffuse into cells to activate genes on DNA to synthesize specific proteins or can inhibit genes

Question 6

Prostaglandins

Answer 6

Nonsteroidal produced in a variety of cells; regulate neighboring cells

Question 7

Actions of steroids

Answer 7

Alter metabolic processes. Go through blood bound to plasma proteins. Diffuse through cell membranes.

Question 8

Hormone receptor complex

Answer 8

Usually combine in nucleus with protein receptor This binds to a particular region of DNA which activate or inhibit genes

Question 9

Control

Answer 9

Three different systems but all employ negative feedback. Hormones have half lives

Hormonal
Nervous
Vascular

Question 10

Hormonal

Answer 10

Hypothalamus stimulates ant. Pituitary: release tropic influencing hormones stimulating other endocrine glands to release

Question 11

Nervous

Answer 11

Nervous system stimulates some endocrine glands directly

Question 12

Vascular

Answer 12

Plasma levels stimulate some endocrine glands directly

Question 13

Pituitary gland

Answer 13

Lies in the sella turcica

Question 14

Somatotropin

Answer 14

Other name: growth hormone
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: stimulates cells to enlarge and rapidly divide

Question 15

Growth hormone

Answer 15

Childhood: if levels are high it’s called gigantism
if levels are to low it’s called dwarfism

Adult: if levels are high it’s called: acromegaly

Question 16

Prolactin hormone

Answer 16

Other name: PRL
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: milk production

Question 17

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 17

Other name: TSH
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: excess levels lead to a goiter

Question 18

Adrenocortiocotropic

Answer 18

Other name: ACTH
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: acts on adrenal cortex

Question 19

Follicle stimulating

Answer 19

Other name: FSH
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: Growth and development of follicles to secrete estrogen and mature eggs/sperm production

Question 20

Luteinizing hormone

Answer 20

Other name: LH
Location: anterior pituitary
Function: Promotes secretion of sex hormones

Question 21

Anti diuretic hormone

Answer 21

Other name: ADH
Location: post pituitary
Function: decrease urine formation and cause vasoconstriction

Question 22

Oxytocin

Answer 22

Other name: OT
Location: post pituitary
Function: smooth muscle contraction

Question 23

Thyroid

Answer 23

Removes Iodine from the blood for producing thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate the metabolism of CHO, proteins and fats

Question 24

Thyroxine

Answer 24

Regulates BMR 95%

Question 25

Triiodothyronine

Answer 25

Regulates BMR 5x stronger

Question 26

Calcitonin

Answer 26

``` Location: thyroid Function: lowers blood calcium Inhibits osteoclasts Stimulates osteoblasts ```

Question 27

Graves disease

Answer 27

Autoimmune disease Antibodies bind to TSH receptors. TSH gets stimulated which leads to over active thyroid. 24/7 will produce thyroid hormones making a goiter

Question 28

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 28

BMR is up. Can't sit down. Low weight. Have a goiter

Question 29

Infantile hypothyroidism

Answer 29

``` Thyroid is under active in infant Metabolism slows down Creatinism Stunted growth Mental retardation Sluggish Irreversible ```

Question 30

Adult myxedema (hypothyroid)

Answer 30

Slow. Sluggish. Mental retardation gradually occurs.

Question 31

Goiter

Answer 31

Thyroid enlarges but you are hypothyroid, low iodine levels, providing T3 and T4 but they are junk

Question 32

Parathyroid

Answer 32

``` (PTH) Increase blood calcium levels Stimulates osteoclasts Inhibits osteoblasts Decreasing kidney function ```

Question 33

Adrenal

Answer 33

Medulla sympathetically

Question 34

Epinephrine

Answer 34

Adrenalin Fight or flight Increased heart rate, BP, breathing rate, cardiac contraction

Question 35

Norepinephrine

Answer 35

Noradrenalin | Fight or flight

Question 36

Aldosterone

Answer 36

Water retention by conserving sodium ions

Question 37

Renin-angiotensin system

Answer 37

If BP drops the kidneys release renin which decomposes angiotensinogen releasing angiotensin 1. This is converted by ACE into angiotensin 2 which stimulates the release of aldosterone

Question 38

Cortisol

Answer 38

Stimulates glucose from non carbs

Question 39

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 39

Making of glucose from non carbs

Question 40

Glycogenolysis

Answer 40

Converts glycogen into glucose

Question 42

Androgens

Answer 42

Supplement gonads

Question 43

Insulin

Answer 43

1. ) glucose into glycogen 2. ) inhibits noncho into glucose 3. ) facilitate diffusion of glucose into cells 4. ) amino acids into cells 5. ) increase protein synthesis 6. ) adipose synthesis and storage of fats

Question 44

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 44

Juvenile | Insulin, BETA cells are wiped out

Question 45

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 45

40 and older But now it's overweight. Progressively loose insulin receptors Under exercise, over eat, hereditary

Question 46

Melatonin

Answer 46

Location: pineal Function: part of regulation of circadian rhythms

Question 47

Thymus

Answer 47

Behind the sternum. Thymosins: WBC production and differentiation

Question 48

Glucagon

Answer 48

1. ) converts glycogen into glucose 2. ) convert noncho into glucose 3. ) catabolism fats