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Bio 110 > 4. Blood Chp. 14 (exam 2) > Flashcards

4. Blood Chp. 14 (exam 2) Flashcards

0
Q

Color of Arterial blood

A

Bright Red

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1
Q

Functions of blood

A

transport of food, gases, wastes, hormones
combat infection
body temp. homeostasis
maintain acid-base balance,elctrolytes

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2
Q

Color of Venous Blood

A

Dark red

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3
Q

Blood Compositon

A

Formed elements

Plasma

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4
Q

Formed Elements

A
  1. ) Hematocrit

2. ) Buffy Coat

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5
Q

Plasma

A

fluid part of the blood (about 55%)

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6
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of RBCs found in blood (45%)

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7
Q

Buffy coat

A

wbc and platelets

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8
Q

Erythrocytes

A

AKA red blood cells

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9
Q

Characteristics of RBC

A 
biconcave discs
no nucleus
carry hemoglobin
life span of 120 days
stays in blood vessels
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10
Q

Functions of RBC

A

transport oxygen to the cells: oxy & deoxyhemoglobin

transport co2 away from cells

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11
Q

RBC produce

A

hemopoiesis/erythropoiesis

formed in red bone marrow and destroyed in the liver and spleen by macrophages

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12
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone produced by kidneys causing RBC production if o2 levels drop

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13
Q

of RBC

A

5,000,000/mm3

Nursing:
4.7-6.1 million/mm3

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14
Q

anemia

A

reduction in the ability of the blood to carry oxygen

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15
Q

polycythemia

A

excess number of RBCs in blood

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16
Q

Why are RBC biconcave shape

A

makes it possible to transport, really flexible, o2 diffuses out almost instantly

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17
Q

Leukocyte

A

AKA white blood cells

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18
Q

Origins of WBC’s

A

Hematopoietic stem cells in response to interleukins

Colony

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19
Q

Interleukins

A

Control WBC differentiating and growth

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20
Q

Colony-> stimulating factors

A

Stimulate lymphocyte production

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21
Q

General characteristics of WBC’s

A

Has a nucleus
Larger then RBCs
Fewer in numbers

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22
Q

Diapedesis

A

Ability to squeeze through ‘pores’ in capillaries

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23
Q

Ameboid movement

A

Independent movement in interstitial spaces

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24
Chemotaxis
Move to or away from chemicals
25
Phagocytosis
Cellular eating
26
Functions of WBC's
Fight infections
27
Major types of WBC's
Granulocytes Agranulocytes Thrombocytes
28
Granulocytes (definition)
Have granules in the cytoplasm formed in the red bone marrow
29
Granulocytes contain
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
30
Agranulocytes contain
Lymphocytes | Monocytes
31
Neutrophils
About 65%. Wound healing and bacterial infections. 1st at site and highly moveable
32
Eosinophils
About 3% phagocytosis of allergens and parasites
33
Basophils
Less then 1%. Inflammation response. Releases heparin and histamine
34
Agranulocytes
Lack granules in the cytoplasm
35
Where are lymphocytes formed?
Formed in lymphoid tissue (spleen, lymph, nodes, tonsils)
36
Lymphocytes
30%. Immune response, provides immunity Contain T and B
37
T lymphocytes
Attack antigens directly
38
B lymphocytes
Produce antibodies
39
Monocytes
Bacterial infections, leave bloodstream and differentiate into macrophages. Formed in marrow. And contains lysosomes
40
of WBC's
5,000-10,000
41
Thrombocytes (platelets) characteristics
Cell fragments No nucleus Formed in bone marrow Destroyed in the lymphoid tissue
42
Functions of thrombocytes
Blood clotting
43
Plasma
A.) water (90%) | B.) solute (10%)
44
Solutes
Substances dissolved in liquid
45
Outline for solutes (1-8 on next couple slides)
1.)Proteins:primary synthesis in the liver, provides viscosity a.) albumin: 60%. Osmotic pressure b.) globulins: alpha and beta are used for transport of lipids Gamma forms a type of antibody c.) fibrogen: for clotting
46
2.)Food molecules
a. ) glucose b. ) amino acids c. ) lipids: non soluble, with protein forming lipoprotein complexes or carriers
47
Chylomicrons
Fat clusters incased in protein, make way to lactiles (muscles and adipose)
48
VLDL's
-Made in the liver -takes excess carbs and turns into fats High levels = to many carbs turning to fat and being deposited
49
LDL's
- transport cholesterol to cells - to many causes cell walls to get rigid - raises cholesterol
50
HDL's
- Transport cholesterol to liver for disposal | - lowers cholesterol
51
3.)Gases
a. ) oxygen (small amounts) | b. ) carbon dioxide (larger amounts)
52
4.) Waste products and nonprotein nitrogenous substances
a. ) urea from protein catabolism | b. ) uric acid from nucleic acid catabolism
53
Plasma outline #5
Hormones
54
Plasma outline #6
Enzymes
55
Plasma outline #7
Electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium etc)
56
Plasma outline #8
Antibodies
57
Hemostasis
The stopping or slowing of blood flow through a damaged blood vessel
58
Steps in hemostasis (five steps)
1. ) blood vessel spams 2. ) platelet plug formation 3. ) blood coagulation 4. ) clot restriction 5. ) clot dissolution
59
1.) Blood vessel spasm
(Vasospasm) decrease blood flow through vessel (constricts)
60
2.) Platelet plug formation
Platelets stick to collagen then each other in damaged area (small tears and holes)
61
3.) Blood coagulation
Clotting; cascade of clotting factors a. ) extrinsic clotting mechanism b. ) intrinsic clotting mechanism
62
Extrinsic clotting mechanism
When blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or tissues 1. ) damaged tissue cells release thromboplastin resulting in prothrombin activator which converts: 2. ) prothrombin+CA-> thrombin 3. ) thrombin+ fibrinogen+CA -> fibrin 4. ) insoluble fibrin threads trap cells + platelets forming a blood clot thrombus
63
Normal tissues are protected by what?
Anti thrombin Smooth lining Prostacyclin
64
Intrinsic clotting mechanism
1.) no tissue damage; blood contacts a foreign surface releasing hageman factor.
65
4.) Clot retraction
Fibrin mesh work shrinks
66
5.) clot dissolution
Plasmin dissolves the clot in a few days
67
Thrombus
Abnormal vessel clot
68
Embolus
Free flowing blood clot
69
Hemophilia
Genetic defect in the blood clotting pathway
70
Serum
Blood plasma minus clotting components
71
Simpler form for the steps of hemostasis
Irritation: tissues release -> Thromboplastin -> platelets -> prothrombin activator + [prothrombin and CA] -> thrombin -> [fibrogen and CA] -> fibrin (sticky fibers)
72
Agglutination
The clumping together of RBCs
73
Antigen
Protein found on the surface of RBCs
74
Antibody
Proteins found in blood plasma. Synthesized in the plasma before the 8th month of childhood. Too large to cross the placenta
75
Antigen runs into antibody = ?
Agglutination
76
Antigen A
Produces anti b antibodies
77
Antigen b
Produces anti A antibodies
78
Antigen AB
Produces neither anti a or b
79
Antigen O
Produces anti A, anti B antibodies

Bio 110 (12 decks)

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