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Bio 110 > 4. Blood Chp. 14 (exam 2) > Flashcards

4. Blood Chp. 14 (exam 2) Flashcards

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0
Q

Color of Arterial blood

A

Bright Red

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1
Q

Functions of blood

A

transport of food, gases, wastes, hormones
combat infection
body temp. homeostasis
maintain acid-base balance,elctrolytes

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2
Q

Color of Venous Blood

A

Dark red

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3
Q

Blood Compositon

A

Formed elements

Plasma

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4
Q

Formed Elements

A
  1. ) Hematocrit

2. ) Buffy Coat

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5
Q

Plasma

A

fluid part of the blood (about 55%)

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6
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of RBCs found in blood (45%)

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7
Q

Buffy coat

A

wbc and platelets

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8
Q

Erythrocytes

A

AKA red blood cells

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9
Q

Characteristics of RBC

A 
biconcave discs
no nucleus
carry hemoglobin
life span of 120 days
stays in blood vessels
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10
Q

Functions of RBC

A

transport oxygen to the cells: oxy & deoxyhemoglobin

transport co2 away from cells

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11
Q

RBC produce

A

hemopoiesis/erythropoiesis

formed in red bone marrow and destroyed in the liver and spleen by macrophages

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12
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone produced by kidneys causing RBC production if o2 levels drop

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13
Q

of RBC

A

5,000,000/mm3

Nursing:
4.7-6.1 million/mm3

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14
Q

anemia

A

reduction in the ability of the blood to carry oxygen

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15
Q

polycythemia

A

excess number of RBCs in blood

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16
Q

Why are RBC biconcave shape

A

makes it possible to transport, really flexible, o2 diffuses out almost instantly

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17
Q

Leukocyte

A

AKA white blood cells

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18
Q

Origins of WBC’s

A

Hematopoietic stem cells in response to interleukins

Colony

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19
Q

Interleukins

A

Control WBC differentiating and growth

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20
Q

Colony-> stimulating factors

A

Stimulate lymphocyte production

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21
Q

General characteristics of WBC’s

A

Has a nucleus
Larger then RBCs
Fewer in numbers

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22
Q

Diapedesis

A

Ability to squeeze through ‘pores’ in capillaries

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23
Q

Ameboid movement

A

Independent movement in interstitial spaces

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24
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Move to or away from chemicals

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25
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular eating

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26
Q

Functions of WBC’s

A

Fight infections

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27
Q

Major types of WBC’s

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Thrombocytes

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28
Q

Granulocytes (definition)

A

Have granules in the cytoplasm formed in the red bone marrow

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29
Q

Granulocytes contain

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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30
Q

Agranulocytes contain

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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31
Q

Neutrophils

A

About 65%. Wound healing and bacterial infections. 1st at site and highly moveable

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32
Q

Eosinophils

A

About 3% phagocytosis of allergens and parasites

33
Q

Basophils

A

Less then 1%. Inflammation response. Releases heparin and histamine

34
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lack granules in the cytoplasm

35
Q

Where are lymphocytes formed?

A

Formed in lymphoid tissue (spleen, lymph, nodes, tonsils)

36
Q

Lymphocytes

A

30%. Immune response, provides immunity

Contain T and B

37
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Attack antigens directly

38
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies

39
Q

Monocytes

A

Bacterial infections, leave bloodstream and differentiate into macrophages. Formed in marrow. And contains lysosomes

40
Q

of WBC’s

A

5,000-10,000

41
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets) characteristics

A

Cell fragments
No nucleus
Formed in bone marrow
Destroyed in the lymphoid tissue

42
Q

Functions of thrombocytes

A

Blood clotting

43
Q

Plasma

A

A.) water (90%)

B.) solute (10%)

44
Q

Solutes

A

Substances dissolved in liquid

45
Q

Outline for solutes (1-8 on next couple slides)

A

1.)Proteins:primary synthesis in the liver, provides viscosity
a.) albumin: 60%. Osmotic pressure
b.) globulins: alpha and beta are used for transport of lipids
Gamma forms a type of antibody
c.) fibrogen: for clotting

46
Q

2.)Food molecules

A

a. ) glucose
b. ) amino acids
c. ) lipids: non soluble, with protein forming lipoprotein complexes or carriers

47
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Fat clusters incased in protein, make way to lactiles (muscles and adipose)

48
Q

VLDL’s

A

-Made in the liver
-takes excess carbs and turns into fats
High levels = to many carbs turning to fat and being deposited

49
Q

LDL’s

A
  • transport cholesterol to cells
  • to many causes cell walls to get rigid
  • raises cholesterol
50
Q

HDL’s

A
  • Transport cholesterol to liver for disposal

- lowers cholesterol

51
Q

3.)Gases

A

a. ) oxygen (small amounts)

b. ) carbon dioxide (larger amounts)

52
Q

4.) Waste products and nonprotein nitrogenous substances

A

a. ) urea from protein catabolism

b. ) uric acid from nucleic acid catabolism

53
Q

Plasma outline #5

A

Hormones

54
Q

Plasma outline #6

A

Enzymes

55
Q

Plasma outline #7

A

Electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium etc)

56
Q

Plasma outline #8

A

Antibodies

57
Q

Hemostasis

A

The stopping or slowing of blood flow through a damaged blood vessel

58
Q

Steps in hemostasis (five steps)

A
  1. ) blood vessel spams
  2. ) platelet plug formation
  3. ) blood coagulation
  4. ) clot restriction
  5. ) clot dissolution
59
Q

1.) Blood vessel spasm

A

(Vasospasm) decrease blood flow through vessel (constricts)

60
Q

2.) Platelet plug formation

A

Platelets stick to collagen then each other in damaged area (small tears and holes)

61
Q

3.) Blood coagulation

A

Clotting; cascade of clotting factors

a. ) extrinsic clotting mechanism
b. ) intrinsic clotting mechanism

62
Q

Extrinsic clotting mechanism

A

When blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or tissues

  1. ) damaged tissue cells release thromboplastin resulting in prothrombin activator which converts:
  2. ) prothrombin+CA-> thrombin
  3. ) thrombin+ fibrinogen+CA -> fibrin
  4. ) insoluble fibrin threads trap cells + platelets forming a blood clot thrombus
63
Q

Normal tissues are protected by what?

A

Anti thrombin
Smooth lining
Prostacyclin

64
Q

Intrinsic clotting mechanism

A

1.) no tissue damage; blood contacts a foreign surface releasing hageman factor.

65
Q

4.) Clot retraction

A

Fibrin mesh work shrinks

66
Q

5.) clot dissolution

A

Plasmin dissolves the clot in a few days

67
Q

Thrombus

A

Abnormal vessel clot

68
Q

Embolus

A

Free flowing blood clot

69
Q

Hemophilia

A

Genetic defect in the blood clotting pathway

70
Q

Serum

A

Blood plasma minus clotting components

71
Q

Simpler form for the steps of hemostasis

A

Irritation: tissues release -> Thromboplastin -> platelets -> prothrombin activator + [prothrombin and CA] -> thrombin -> [fibrogen and CA] -> fibrin (sticky fibers)

72
Q

Agglutination

A

The clumping together of RBCs

73
Q

Antigen

A

Protein found on the surface of RBCs

74
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins found in blood plasma. Synthesized in the plasma before the 8th month of childhood. Too large to cross the placenta

75
Q

Antigen runs into antibody = ?

A

Agglutination

76
Q

Antigen A

A

Produces anti b antibodies

77
Q

Antigen b

A

Produces anti A antibodies

78
Q

Antigen AB

A

Produces neither anti a or b

79
Q

Antigen O

A

Produces anti A, anti B antibodies

Bio 110 (12 decks)

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