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Bio 110 > 5. Lymphatic System and Immunity Chp 16 (exam 2) > Flashcards

5. Lymphatic System and Immunity Chp 16 (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A
  • return excess tissue fluid back to the bloodstream
  • lacteals absorb fat from villi of small intestine
  • Help defend body against disease
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2
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

closed-end tubes that collect interstitial fluid.

The cells forming the capillaries overlap, creating flap-like valves which open with increases interstitial pressure

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3
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

vein-like vessels with valves: return lymph back to the venous system by means of trunks

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4
Q

lymph nodes

A

round to ovoid structures located along the lymphatic vessels; with macrophages and lymphocytes

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5
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

filter infectious organisma and other debris
produce lymphocytes
surveillance

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6
Q

structure types of lymph nodes

A

capsule
nodules
lymph sinuses

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7
Q

Capsule

A

fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

nodules

A

masses of lymphocytes & macrophages

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9
Q

lymph sinuses

A

chambers and channels through which lymph travels

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10
Q

Additional lymph organs

A

Spleen

Thymus

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11
Q

Spleen

function

A

largest lymph organ(upper left abd.)
purifies blood
immune function
stores blood (1cup)

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12
Q

Thymus

function

A

produces T lymphocytes and thymosin (stimulates T cell maturation). Progressive shrinking post puberty

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13
Q

disease

A

an abnormal state of the body in which the body is not capable of carrying on required functions

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14
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing organism

ex. bacteria, viruses, parasites, microorganisms, etc

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15
Q

Etiology

A

the study of any disease; origin, cause, classification.

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16
Q

innate defense

A

nonspecific (innate)
body’s general defense against everything
(shotgun)

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17
Q

first line of defense

A

Mechanical

skin & mucous membranes

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18
Q

2nd line of defense

A
  • chemical barriers (Hcl, tears, interferons, defensins,collectins)
  • fever
  • natural killer
  • inflammation
  • phagocytosis
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19
Q

Adaptive defense

A

specific - that is they target specific things

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20
Q

3rd LOD

A 
Specific Defense(Sniper)
Immunity
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21
Q

interferons

A

lymphocytically produces: bind to uninfected cells stimulating them to produce virus replicating inhibiting proteins & stimulating phagocytosis

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22
Q

T cells

A

attach directly to the foreign invader. they are activated when a macrophage phagocytizes a bacterium, shifting some of the bacterium’s antigens to the macrophages surface as a part of major histocompatability complex.

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23
Q

Other T cells

A 
Helper T
Cytotoxic T
Memory T
Suppressor T
Natural Killer T
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24
Q

Helper T

A

(cheerleader) regulates and stimulates other cells

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25
Cytotoxic T
(assasin) recognizes non-self antigens of cancerous/virally infected cells and destroys them via perforin. Some give rise to memory T cells.
26
Memory T
(historian) if there is a second exposure, Memory T differentiates to Cytotoxic T
27
Suppressor T
(peace maker) inhibit B & T cell activity
28
B cells
humoral immune response (fluid) | activated by exposure to antigen that fits receptors or being activated by helper T
29
B cell clones differentiate into
memory B cells or plasma cells that secrete antibodies which causes compliment activation
30
action of antibodies
- attack antigens to cause agglutinatin then phagocytic elimination - activate complement (a group of proteins in plasma which are activated by antibodies) - stimulate inflammation via mast cells
31
primary immune response
B&T after 1st encounter with antigen.Plasma cells release IgM & IgG. 5-10 day lag time; lasts several months.
32
secondary immune response
if future identical antigens,quick IgG response. 1 day onset, lasts years.
33
How exposed to immunities
naturally- active:exposed to pathogen passive:antibodies from mother artificially active - vaccine artificially passive - antiserum with antibodies
34
Allergy
an over-response to a "harmless" chemical that can damage tissues. Allergen binds to IgE on a mast cell; the cell releases histamine and other chemicals that may cause mucus secretions to increase and constriction of the air passageways in lungs.
35
Tissue rejection
a transplanted organ is recognized as not being from that person's body producing graft vs host disease Take immunosuppressive drugs
36
Autoimmune Disease
autoantibodies are produced against an individual's own tissues and cytotoxic T cells attack
37
Lymph
fluid inside a lymph vessel
38
Trunks
trunks -> ducts | all lymphatic return goes into the subclavians
39
Lymphatic order
trunks -> ducts-> subclavians -> brachiocephalic->Superior Vena Cava
40
Edema
accumulation of tissue fluid causing swelling.
41
elephantiasis
a tropical parasitic worm; blocks the lymphatic vessels causing limb(s) to swell
42
tissue fluid
similar to plasma excepting proteins. It also contains small proteins, bacteria and viruses
43
The hydrostatic pressure...
of capillaries is greater that osmotic = net tissue fluid (interstitial)
44
lymph movement
- interstitial hydrostatic pressure | - muscular activity aided by valves
45
lymphoid organs
bone marrow | lymph nodes
46
bone marrow
produces lymphocytes
47
Locations of lymph nodes
cervical, axillary, inguinal, pelvic, abdominal, thoracic, supratrochlear
48
Spleen structure
Capsule: fibrous ct Nodules: White pulp: masses of lymphocytes & red pulp: RBCs, lymphocytes/macrophages Spleen sinuses-chambers and channels through which blood travel
49
Ruptured Spleen
if removed makes the person more susceptible to infection... antibiotics
50
lymphangitis
infected superficial lymph vessels | red streak
51
species resistance
don't get because "wrong" environment
52
defensins
peptides from WBCs that make holes in cell walls
53
collectins
proteins that bing to pathogenic sugars (on the surfaces of bacteria/yeasts) making for easier targeting for phagocytosis.
54
fever | 2nd line of defense
iron slows pathogenic growth - phagocytes become more active - WBCs release interleukin-1 which raises set point of temperature in hypothalmus.
55
natural killer cells | 2nd LOD
small subset of lymphocytes | - attack cancer and viruses by secreting perforins
56
phagocytosis | 2nd LOD
via neutrophils & monocytes (give rise to macrophages) called chemotaxically and respond via diapedesis.
57
What composes mononuclear phagocytic system
Monos, macros, and neutros
58
Immunity
resistance to pathogens (including their toxins/bi-products). Based on differentiating between self and non-self. (proteins/large molecules inventoried before birth)
59
Antigens
proteins on a cell's surface; a body responds to nonself (foreign) antigens.
60
Haptens
molecules so small as to be unable to elicit an immune response unless combine with a larger one. Common in dust, dander and chemicals
61
Lymphocyte | origins
undifferentiated in red marrow 70% - thymus -> T cells 30% - in marrow -> B cells
62
Where do T cell and B cells primarily reside
in lymphatic organs/nodes
63
T Cell functions
Synthesize cytokines | -secrete toxins, growth inhibiting factors, interferon
64
Cytokines
enhance cellular responses to antigens (cell signaling protein) Types: Interleukin-1 & 2, Colony-stimulating factors, interferons
65
Interleukin-1
activates T Cells
66
Interleukin-2
T Cell (esp. Killer T) proliferation
67
Colony-stimulating factors
leukocyte production, B cell growth & maturation, macrophage activation
68
Interferons
stimulate B cells to produce antibodies; macrophages to engulf viruses.
69
Each B cell can produce how many antibodies
2000/sec
70
Monoclonal vs Polyclonal response
``` Mono = 1 antibody Poly = many antibodies against 1 antigen ```
71
Functions of complements
- help with phagocytosis by coating the a-a complex - attract neutrophils & macrophages to an area by chemotaxis - clump cells with antigens together - rupture cell membranes - deactivate a virus - help prevent the spread of an agent
72
antibody types
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
73
Antibody molecules
immunoglobulins globular proteins comprising the gamma (Y) grobulin fraction of plasma proteins. Consis of 2 identical short chaisn of aas and 2 identical long chains linked by sulfer. The 4 chains form a Y. The various combos of AAs give each antibody it's conformation
74
SCID
severe combined immunodeficiency | T & B cells quit
75
Allergy | 4 types
Type 1. Anaphalaxis - immediate 2. Antibody depended cytotoxic - 1-3 hrs. (transfusion rx) 3. immune complex reaction (dermatitis) 4. Delayed; 48 hours
76
Examples of Autoimmune diseases
``` MS -mylein sheath RA - synovial membrane Myasthenia gravis - NM junction destroyed (flacid paralysis) Lupus - CT Type 1 diabetes - Pancreas Scleroderma - CT (skin is hard) ```
77
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
increased interleukins & cytotoxic T Cells.

Bio 110 (12 decks)

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