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Bio 110 > 5. Lymphatic System and Immunity Chp 16 (exam 2) > Flashcards

5. Lymphatic System and Immunity Chp 16 (exam 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A
  • return excess tissue fluid back to the bloodstream
  • lacteals absorb fat from villi of small intestine
  • Help defend body against disease
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2
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

closed-end tubes that collect interstitial fluid.

The cells forming the capillaries overlap, creating flap-like valves which open with increases interstitial pressure

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3
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

vein-like vessels with valves: return lymph back to the venous system by means of trunks

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4
Q

lymph nodes

A

round to ovoid structures located along the lymphatic vessels; with macrophages and lymphocytes

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5
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

filter infectious organisma and other debris
produce lymphocytes
surveillance

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6
Q

structure types of lymph nodes

A

capsule
nodules
lymph sinuses

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7
Q

Capsule

A

fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

nodules

A

masses of lymphocytes & macrophages

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9
Q

lymph sinuses

A

chambers and channels through which lymph travels

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10
Q

Additional lymph organs

A

Spleen

Thymus

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11
Q

Spleen

function

A

largest lymph organ(upper left abd.)
purifies blood
immune function
stores blood (1cup)

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12
Q

Thymus

function

A

produces T lymphocytes and thymosin (stimulates T cell maturation). Progressive shrinking post puberty

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13
Q

disease

A

an abnormal state of the body in which the body is not capable of carrying on required functions

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14
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing organism

ex. bacteria, viruses, parasites, microorganisms, etc

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15
Q

Etiology

A

the study of any disease; origin, cause, classification.

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16
Q

innate defense

A

nonspecific (innate)
body’s general defense against everything
(shotgun)

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17
Q

first line of defense

A

Mechanical

skin & mucous membranes

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18
Q

2nd line of defense

A
  • chemical barriers (Hcl, tears, interferons, defensins,collectins)
  • fever
  • natural killer
  • inflammation
  • phagocytosis
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19
Q

Adaptive defense

A

specific - that is they target specific things

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20
Q

3rd LOD

A 
Specific Defense(Sniper)
Immunity
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21
Q

interferons

A

lymphocytically produces: bind to uninfected cells stimulating them to produce virus replicating inhibiting proteins & stimulating phagocytosis

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22
Q

T cells

A

attach directly to the foreign invader. they are activated when a macrophage phagocytizes a bacterium, shifting some of the bacterium’s antigens to the macrophages surface as a part of major histocompatability complex.

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23
Q

Other T cells

A 
Helper T
Cytotoxic T
Memory T
Suppressor T
Natural Killer T
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24
Q

Helper T

A

(cheerleader) regulates and stimulates other cells

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25
Q

Cytotoxic T

A

(assasin) recognizes non-self antigens of cancerous/virally infected cells and destroys them via perforin. Some give rise to memory T cells.

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26
Q

Memory T

A

(historian) if there is a second exposure, Memory T differentiates to Cytotoxic T

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27
Q

Suppressor T

A

(peace maker) inhibit B & T cell activity

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28
Q

B cells

A

humoral immune response (fluid)

activated by exposure to antigen that fits receptors or being activated by helper T

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29
Q

B cell clones differentiate into

A

memory B cells or plasma cells that secrete antibodies which causes compliment activation

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30
Q

action of antibodies

A
  • attack antigens to cause agglutinatin then phagocytic elimination
  • activate complement (a group of proteins in plasma which are activated by antibodies)
  • stimulate inflammation via mast cells
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31
Q

primary immune response

A

B&T after 1st encounter with antigen.Plasma cells release IgM & IgG. 5-10 day lag time; lasts several months.

32
Q

secondary immune response

A

if future identical antigens,quick IgG response. 1 day onset, lasts years.

33
Q

How exposed to immunities

A

naturally- active:exposed to pathogen passive:antibodies from mother
artificially active - vaccine
artificially passive - antiserum with antibodies

34
Q

Allergy

A

an over-response to a “harmless” chemical that can damage tissues. Allergen binds to IgE on a mast cell; the cell releases histamine and other chemicals that may cause mucus secretions to increase and constriction of the air passageways in lungs.

35
Q

Tissue rejection

A

a transplanted organ is recognized as not being from that person’s body producing graft vs host disease
Take immunosuppressive drugs

36
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

autoantibodies are produced against an individual’s own tissues and cytotoxic T cells attack

37
Q

Lymph

A

fluid inside a lymph vessel

38
Q

Trunks

A

trunks -> ducts

all lymphatic return goes into the subclavians

39
Q

Lymphatic order

A

trunks -> ducts-> subclavians -> brachiocephalic->Superior Vena Cava

40
Q

Edema

A

accumulation of tissue fluid causing swelling.

41
Q

elephantiasis

A

a tropical parasitic worm; blocks the lymphatic vessels causing limb(s) to swell

42
Q

tissue fluid

A

similar to plasma excepting proteins. It also contains small proteins, bacteria and viruses

43
Q

The hydrostatic pressure…

A

of capillaries is greater that osmotic = net tissue fluid (interstitial)

44
Q

lymph movement

A
  • interstitial hydrostatic pressure

- muscular activity aided by valves

45
Q

lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow

lymph nodes

46
Q

bone marrow

A

produces lymphocytes

47
Q

Locations of lymph nodes

A

cervical, axillary, inguinal, pelvic, abdominal, thoracic, supratrochlear

48
Q

Spleen structure

A

Capsule: fibrous ct
Nodules: White pulp: masses of lymphocytes & red pulp: RBCs, lymphocytes/macrophages
Spleen sinuses-chambers and channels through which blood travel

49
Q

Ruptured Spleen

A

if removed makes the person more susceptible to infection… antibiotics

50
Q

lymphangitis

A

infected superficial lymph vessels

red streak

51
Q

species resistance

A

don’t get because “wrong” environment

52
Q

defensins

A

peptides from WBCs that make holes in cell walls

53
Q

collectins

A

proteins that bing to pathogenic sugars (on the surfaces of bacteria/yeasts) making for easier targeting for phagocytosis.

54
Q

fever

2nd line of defense

A

iron slows pathogenic growth

  • phagocytes become more active
  • WBCs release interleukin-1 which raises set point of temperature in hypothalmus.
55
Q

natural killer cells

2nd LOD

A

small subset of lymphocytes

- attack cancer and viruses by secreting perforins

56
Q

phagocytosis

2nd LOD

A

via neutrophils & monocytes (give rise to macrophages) called chemotaxically and respond via diapedesis.

57
Q

What composes mononuclear phagocytic system

A

Monos, macros, and neutros

58
Q

Immunity

A

resistance to pathogens (including their toxins/bi-products). Based on differentiating between self and non-self. (proteins/large molecules inventoried before birth)

59
Q

Antigens

A

proteins on a cell’s surface; a body responds to nonself (foreign) antigens.

60
Q

Haptens

A

molecules so small as to be unable to elicit an immune response unless combine with a larger one. Common in dust, dander and chemicals

61
Q

Lymphocyte

origins

A

undifferentiated in red marrow
70% - thymus -> T cells
30% - in marrow -> B cells

62
Q

Where do T cell and B cells primarily reside

A

in lymphatic organs/nodes

63
Q

T Cell functions

A

Synthesize cytokines

-secrete toxins, growth inhibiting factors, interferon

64
Q

Cytokines

A

enhance cellular responses to antigens (cell signaling protein)
Types: Interleukin-1 & 2, Colony-stimulating factors, interferons

65
Q

Interleukin-1

A

activates T Cells

66
Q

Interleukin-2

A

T Cell (esp. Killer T) proliferation

67
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

leukocyte production, B cell growth & maturation, macrophage activation

68
Q

Interferons

A

stimulate B cells to produce antibodies; macrophages to engulf viruses.

69
Q

Each B cell can produce how many antibodies

A

2000/sec

70
Q

Monoclonal vs Polyclonal response

A 
Mono = 1 antibody
Poly = many antibodies against 1 antigen
71
Q

Functions of complements

A
  • help with phagocytosis by coating the a-a complex
  • attract neutrophils & macrophages to an area by chemotaxis
  • clump cells with antigens together
  • rupture cell membranes
  • deactivate a virus
  • help prevent the spread of an agent
72
Q

antibody types

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

73
Q

Antibody molecules

A

immunoglobulins
globular proteins comprising the gamma (Y) grobulin fraction of plasma proteins. Consis of 2 identical short chaisn of aas and 2 identical long chains linked by sulfer. The 4 chains form a Y. The various combos of AAs give each antibody it’s conformation

74
Q

SCID

A

severe combined immunodeficiency

T & B cells quit

75
Q

Allergy

4 types

A

Type 1. Anaphalaxis - immediate

  1. Antibody depended cytotoxic - 1-3 hrs. (transfusion rx)
  2. immune complex reaction (dermatitis)
  3. Delayed; 48 hours
76
Q

Examples of Autoimmune diseases

A 
MS -mylein sheath
RA - synovial membrane
Myasthenia gravis - NM junction destroyed (flacid paralysis)
Lupus - CT
Type 1 diabetes - Pancreas
Scleroderma - CT (skin is hard)
77
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

A

increased interleukins & cytotoxic T Cells.

Bio 110 (12 decks)

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