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Bio 110 > 2. Muscular System Chp. 9 (exam 1) > Flashcards

2. Muscular System Chp. 9 (exam 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Covering of a bone

A

Fascia is a dense fibrous ct that surrounds and separate one muscle from another

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1
Q

Muscle diagram

A

Muscle-> fascicles-> muscle fiber-> myofibril-> myofilaments

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2
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Extends to another muscle as this or as a tendon

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3
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds bundles (fascicles) of muscle

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5
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds each muscle fiber

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6
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Single cell that contracts with stimulus and then relaxes. It may extend the full length of the muscle

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7
Q

Actin

A

Is thin

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8
Q

Myosin

A

Thick

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9
Q

Sarcoplasm reticulum

A

Surrounds each myofibril, stores calcium ions and transports

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10
Q

Transverse tubules

A

Membranous channels, open to the surface allowing the electrical impulse to reach the sarcoplasm reticulum

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11
Q

C + T2 =

A

Triad

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12
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber with a specially modified membrane containing increased nuclei and mitochondria

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13
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between the motor neuron and muscle membrane

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14
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

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15
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger released by a neuron

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16
Q

Stimulus for contraction

A

The neurotransmitter for motor neurons is AcH. Synthesized in the cytoplasm and stored in vesicles. It is released as a result of nerve impulse reaching the end of the axon. Once released it’s diffused across the cleft attaching to receptors and stimulating a muscle impulse.

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17
Q

Excitation contraction coupling

A

The sr has high levels of ca ions due to pumps. The impulse increases the permeability of the cisternae causing calcium to flood the sarcoplasm specifically binding to the troponin

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18
Q

Energy source

A

The existing muscle ATP is quickly depleted

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19
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Equals the amount of oxygen that liver cells require to convert accumulated lactic acid into glucose, plus to restore muscle cells to their original concentrations

20
Q

Threshold stimulation

A

The minimum strength to cause a contraction (twitch)

21
Q

Myogram

A

Recording of movement of a twitch

22
Q

Summation

A

When series of stimuli don’t allow complete relaxation, may produce tetanus

23
Q

Tetanus

A

Sustained muscle cell contraction without any relaxation

24
Q

Recruitment

A

A motor unit responds as all or none

25
Q

Sustained contraction

A

When summation, tetanus, and recruitment occur. Excess can produce muscle strain/pull/sprain

26
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size or strength

27
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in strength or size of muscle

28
Q

Fiber types

A

Red fibers
White fibers
Pink fibers

29
Q

Red fibers

A

Slow twitch, due to increased myoglobin and mito

30
Q

White fibers

A

Fast twitch, faster, stronger, faster ATPase

31
Q

Pink fibers or intermediate fibers

A

Fast twitch fatigue-resistant

32
Q

Myoglobin content

A

High in red fibers

Low in white muscle fibers

33
Q

Mitochondria

A

Red fibers has many

White fibers has less

34
Q

Size of fibers

A

Red fibers are thin

White fibers are thick

35
Q

Twitch

A

Red fibers are slow and weak

White fine are fast and strong

36
Q

Endurance

A

Red muscle have long endurance

White fibers have a short endurance

37
Q

Marathoners

A

Have high levels of red fibers

38
Q

Sprinters

A

Have high levels of white

39
Q

Joe average

A

Has intermediate fibers

40
Q

Botulism

A

Prevents the release of acetylcholine

41
Q

Curare

A

Binds to AcH receptor sites

42
Q

Venoms

A

Blocks release or explosive release of AcH

43
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Long tapering
Single nucleus
No striations

44
Q

Types of smooth muscles

A

Multiunit

Visceral

45
Q

Multiunit

A

Separate fibers

Ex iris, blood vessels

46
Q

Visceral

A

In sheets

Ex digestive

47
Q

Cardiac muscle

A 
Short
Branched
3d like
Striated
Single nucleus 
Intercalated discs

Bio 110 (12 decks)

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