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Anatomy > 5a - Muscular System; Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

5a - Muscular System; Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

myo means

A

muscle

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2
Q

3 types of muscle

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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3
Q

skeletal is also known as

A

striated

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4
Q

skeletal is attached to

A

skeleton

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5
Q

muscle cells name

A

myocytes

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6
Q

skeletal myocyte shape

A

long cylinders aka muscle fibres

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7
Q

skeletal myocyte nuclei

A

each myocyte has many nuclei at edge

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8
Q

skeletal muscle fibres contents and function

A

within fibres are stripes with molecules that cause contraction when lined up - actin and myosin

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9
Q

skeletal muscle control

A

voluntary control of nervous system

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10
Q

cardiac muscle forms

A

myocardium (heart muscle)

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11
Q

cardiac muscle structure

A

striated and branchy

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12
Q

cardiac myocytes nuclei number

A

1-4

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13
Q

cardiac myocytes are connected with each other via….

A

intercalated discs

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14
Q

what do intercalated discs allow for

A

synchronised contraction of heart muscle

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15
Q

cardiac muscle control

A

involuntary nervous system

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16
Q

smooth muscle aka

A

visceral

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17
Q

smooth muscle structure

A

long, spindles with one central nucleus

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18
Q

smooth muscles location (5)

A

walls of blood vessels, gastro-intestinal tract, bladder, uterus and resp tract

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19
Q

smooth muscle controlled by

A

involuntary nervous system

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20
Q

skeletal muscle layers (5)

A

muscle sheath
muscle belly
fascia
bundles
muscle cells

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21
Q

striated myocytes are called muscle ____

A

fibres

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22
Q

muscle fibres lie _______ to each other in _______ bound by ________

A

parallel
bundles
fascia

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23
Q

what are a group of bundles

A

muscle belly

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24
Q

what surrounds the muscle belly

A

muscle sheath

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25
Q

fascia is what type of tissue

A

connective, fibrous tissue

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26
Q

fascia location

A

around and within muscle

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27
Q

fascia function

A

provide support and reduces friction

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28
Q

muscle fibre structure - each fibre contains…

A

myofibrils

29
Q

myofibrils are made up of

A

actin and myosin

30
Q

actin is thick or thin

A

thin filament

31
Q

myosin is thick or thin

A

thick filament

32
Q

what gives the striated appearance

A

regular arrangement of actin and myosin

33
Q

muscle contraction - sliding filament theory 3 steps

A
  1. links form between actin and myosin
  2. links change shape and pull actin past myosin
  3. links break and reattach further along actin
34
Q

what 4 things are needed for muscle contraction

A

actin
myosin
ATP
calcium

35
Q

why atp needed in contraction

A

energy

36
Q

why calcium needed in contraction

A

binding of actin and myosin

37
Q

motor unit is

A

a nerve cell and the muscle fibre it attaches to

38
Q

a nerve cell will stimulate many _____ depending on ______________ type

A

fibres
movement

39
Q

delicate movement = how many fibres

A

one nerve to small number of fibres

40
Q

large movement = how many fibres

A

one nerve to as many as 200+ fibres

41
Q

what does exercise do to the number of myofibrils

A

increases number of myofibrils

42
Q

what does the increased number of myofibrils do to cells

A

bigger in size and not quantity

43
Q

muscle hypertrophy is

A

rare genetic abnormality whcih causes increased quanity of cells

44
Q

muscle atrophy is

A

loss of actin and myosin meaning cells shrink

45
Q

muscle atrophy reasons

A

lack of use or neurogenic (loss of nerve supply)

46
Q

muscle belly is

A

thick fleshy central part of muscle

47
Q

muscle origin is

A

attachment that moves the least as it acts as an anchor point

48
Q

muscle origin location

A

fleshy or tendinous

49
Q

muscle insertion is

A

attachment with most movement

50
Q

muscle insertion location

A

tendinous

51
Q

flat sheet of muscle 2 examples

A

diaphragm and abdominal wall

52
Q

sphincter is

A

muscles forming a ring to control entrance or exit

53
Q

sphincter 2 examples

A

stomach and anus

54
Q

tendon is

A

muscle to bone

55
Q

tendon is what type of tissue

A

band of fibrous connective tissue

56
Q

what is an aponeurosis

A

when tendon drawn out into a flat sheet because the muscle attached to is a flat sheet e.g. at diaphragm and abdomen wall

57
Q

a bursa is

A

small sac lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

58
Q

bursa location

A

between tendon and bone

59
Q

bursa function

A

minimises friction

60
Q

synovial sheath is

A

when a bursa fully wraps around a tendon

61
Q

acquired bursa forms to…

A

protect bony prominence from constant friction

62
Q

acquired bursa usual location

A

elbow or hock

63
Q

acquired bursa usual cause

A

arthritis and kennel dogs

64
Q

hygroma is

A

enlarged bursa that can become infected

65
Q

extrinsic muscles

A

run from one region to another

66
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

within one region of the body

67
Q

extrinsic muscles example

A

turn head on neck

68
Q

intrinsic muscles example

A

muscles closing eyelid

Anatomy (15 decks)

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