5.5 Antibodies + tests

Question 1

what are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 1

single type of antibodies that can be isolated and cloned

Question 2

what are monoclonal antibodies used for?

Answer 2

• targeted medication
• pregnancy tests
• elisa tests

Question 3

what are the two different types of targeted medication?

Answer 3

indirect monoclonal antibody therapy
direct monoclonal antibody therapy

Question 4

what is indirect monoclonal antibody therapy?

Answer 4

• cancer drugs are directly delivered to cancer cells
• cytotoxic drugs kill the cancer cells

Question 5

what is a positive effect of using indirect monoclonal antibody therapy?

Answer 5

it decreases the side effects

Question 6

how are monoclonal antibodies like in direct monoclonal antibody therapy?

Answer 6

they are designed with specific binding sites that are complimentary to antigen on cancer surface membrane

Question 7

what is direct monoclonal antibody therapy?

Answer 7

• monoclonal antibody binds to the antigen on the cancer cell surface membrane
• it stops chemicals binding to cancer cell that stimulate cell division

= cancer cell stops growing

Question 8

how are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy test?

Answer 8

• urinate on the stick
• HCG hormone bind to mobile a/bods with dye attached
• 1st immobilised a/bod binds to hcg/antigen as complimentary
• 2nd immobilised a/bod binds to mobile a/bod

Question 9

what is the use of the 1st immobilised a/bod on a pregnancy test?

Answer 9

shows that person is pregnant
- hcg hormone is only present in pregnant people

Question 10

what is the use of the 2nd immobilised a/bod on a pregnancy test?

Answer 10

used as a control
- shows that the test works

Question 11

how are monoclonal antibodies used in an elisa test?

Answer 11

• test sample attaches to slide
• wash off excess
• add a/bod complimentary antigen being tested for
• wash off excess
• add a/bod with enzyme, complimetary to 1st a/bod
• wash off excess
• add substrate
• substrate produces coloured product in enzyme is present

Question 12

how to determine concentration/quantity of antigen?

Answer 12

intensity of colour = indication of quantity of antigen

Question 13

why do tests like ELISA test have controls?

Answer 13

to show only one enzyme at a/bod 2 is causing colour change
show all steps are effective