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Medical Studies 2A > 5.4 Cerebellum > Flashcards

5.4 Cerebellum Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Does the cerebellum project directly to the spinal cord?

A
  • No
  • It acts indirectly through brainstem/cortex (like basal ganglia)
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2
Q

Describe the role of the cerebellum in motor movement

A
  • Planning and timing of motor activities (+ sensory motor coordination)
  • Compares planned movement with actual movement, and adjusts accordingly
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3
Q

HOW does the cerebellum alter motor movements at the muscular level?

A
  • Controls intensity of muscle contraction
  • Controls antagonists and agonist muscle groups
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4
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive sensory information from? What plan does it compare it to? How does it exert its adjustments?

A
  • Receives info from proprioceptors (e.g. muscle spindles)
  • And from vestibulocerebellar pathway from vestibular apparatus
  • Compares to efferent motor copy from cortex
  • Exerts effects from motor areas of cortex (via the VL nucleus of the thalamus; one of the ones involved in the basal ganglia)
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5
Q

The cerebellum is separated from the cerebral cortex by a dural fold known as the…

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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6
Q

The hemispheres of the cerebellum are separated by…

A

Falx cerebelli

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7
Q

What is the name given to the outer grey matter and inner white matter of the cerebellum?

A

Outer gray: folia (leaves)
Inner white: arbor vitae

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8
Q

Which section of the brain is the cerebellum located in?

A

The metencephalon

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9
Q

What are the names of the three CEREBELLAR peduncles?

A
  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
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10
Q

Which areas of the brain do the three CEREBELLAR peduncles connect to?

A
  • Superior: midbrain
  • Middle: pons
  • Inferior: medulla
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11
Q

Which of the three CEREBELLAR peduncles are afferent/efferent?

A
  • Superior = efferent (to brain)
  • Middle = afferent (from brain)
  • Inferior = afferent
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12
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum? What fissures separate them?

A
  • Three lobes: anterior, posterior, and floculonodular
  • Anterior and posterior are separated by the primary fissure. Posterior and FN are separated by the posterolateral fissure
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13
Q

Name the four pairs of cerebellar nuclei

A
  • Dentate
  • Emboliform
  • Globose
  • Fastigial

(Mnemonic: Don’t Eat Greasy Foods)

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14
Q

What two pairs of cerebellar nuclei comprise the interposed nuclei?

A

Emboliform and globose

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15
Q

What are the three layers of cells in the cerebellar cortex? Broadly, what is each layer responsible for?

A
  • Molecular layer Layer (Processing)
  • Purkinje Cell Layer (Output)
  • Granular Layer (Input)
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16
Q

Why are there relatively few cells in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  • Dendrites of the Purkinje cells are reaching up
  • Axons of granular cells are also reaching up
  • Less space for cells
17
Q

What types of cells can be found in the molecular layer of the cerebellum? What ARE they?

A
  • Stellate cells
  • Basket cells

These are inhibitory interneurons (hence processing)

18
Q

What kinds of cells can be found in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  • Granule cells
  • Golgi cells (inhibitory interneurons)
19
Q

Which type of cell is the major input/output cells of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Input: granular
Output: purkinje

20
Q

Describe mossy fibres, their course, and their interaction with others cells; what is the result of this?

A
  • Mossy fibres travel up through cerebellar white matter and synapse with granular cells, exciting them
  • Granular cells send axons up into the molecular layer, where they bifurcate, forming parallel fibres that run parallel to the folia of the cortex
  • These fibres excite Purkinje cells than line the surface of of the molecular layer
  • In turn, these Purkinje cells INHIBIT the vestibular and deep cerebellar nuclei
21
Q

Which of climbing fibres and mossy fibres excite purkinje cells in a 1-to-1 vs 1-to-many fashion?

A

Mossy fibres: one to many
Climbing: one to one

22
Q

Describe the origin, course, and function of climbing fibres of the cerebellum

A
  • Originate in contralateral inferior olivary nucleus
  • Climb up through white matter directly to Purkinje cells
  • Cause Purkinje cells to become LESS responsive to inputs from parallel fibres of granule cells

(He’s the 1-to-1 marketer who comes in and beats the 1-to-many webinar guy)

23
Q

Describe how basket and stellate cells narrow the spatial extent of excitatory inputs to purkinje cells in the cerebellum

A
  • Stellate and basket cells are excited by input from granule cell parallel fibres
  • When excited, they laterally inhibit adjacent purkinje cells
  • Stellate cells terminate on purkinje cell dendrites
  • Basket cells terminate on purkinje cell bodies
24
Q

How do golgi cells enhance the temporal resolution of cerebellar circuitry?

A
  • Excited by input from parallel fibres from granule cells
  • Provide feedback inhibition onto granule cell dendrites
25
Q

Is the somatotopic organisation of the cerebellum ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral. Unlike cerebral cortex.

26
Q

Describe the somatotopic organisation of the cerebellum.

A

Guy standing on his head, then auditory/visual cortices, then guy standing upright (head/arms/legs)

27
Q

Which fibres carry all the cerebellar input information?

A
  • Mossy fibres (from different tracts, like spinocerebellar and pontocerebellar fibres)
  • Climbing fibres (remember: these are from the contra inf. olivary nucleus)
28
Q

Which cerebellar white matter nuclei get input from which parts of the cerebellum?

A
  • Dentate: projections from lateral cerebellum
  • Emboliform & Globose (Interposed nuclei): intermediate
  • Fastigial: vermis/FN lobe
29
Q

Efferent outputs leave the lateral and intermediate cerebellum via the superior CEREBELLAR peduncles; which thalamic nuclei do they go to, and where does the info head from there?

A
  • Go to VL nucleus of CONTRALATERAL thalamus
  • Go to premotor, primary motor, and supplementary motor areas, and to the old man in his observatory in the posterior parietal lobe for motor planning
30
Q

Which section of the cerebellum is especially important in influencing lateral corticospinal output?

A

Intermediate; globose and emboliform (i.e. interposed) nuclei

31
Q

What do the vermis and FN lobe of the cerebellum control? Which nuclei/thalamic nuclei/cortical areas are involved? Describe the pathway.

A
  • Control extraocular movements and trunk muscles
  • These cerebellar areas project to the vestibular nucleus and the fastigial nucleus
  • Synapse on CONTALATERAL thalamic VL, and head to primary motor cortex

Medical Studies 2A (110 decks)

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