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Neuroanatomy > 52 Auditory and vestibular pathways > Flashcards

52 Auditory and vestibular pathways Flashcards

1
Q

The oval window is covered with ________ (bone) and they are linked by ________.

A

Stapes;

ligaments

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2
Q

The round window is covered with _________________, a layer of fibrous tissue between epithelium on either side.

A

Secondary tympanic membrane

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3
Q

What is the bony and the membranous labyrinth?

A

The hard bone of the cochlear;

membranous = contains the endolymph

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4
Q

Describe the route of drainage of the endolymph.

A

Aqueduct of vestibule contains the endolymphatic duct > sac > drains the endolymph into the dural venous sinuses.

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5
Q

Describe the route of drainage of the perilymph.

A

Perilymph exits to the subarachnoid space by the perilymphatic duct/ cochlear aqueduct.

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6
Q

What are the difference between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth in vestibular functions?

A

Bony VS membranous:

  1. semicircular canals VS semicircular ducts
  2. vestibule - aqueduct of vestibule VS utricle and saccule - endolymphatic duct and sac
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7
Q

What are the difference between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth in auditory functions?

A

Bony VS membranous:

Cochlea VS cochlear duct

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8
Q

What are the sensory epithelium (hair
cells + supporting cells) in the parts of

  1. Ampulla of semicircular duct?
  2. Utricle and saccule?
  3. Cochlear duct?
A
  1. Crista ampullaris
  2. Macula
  3. Spiral organ
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9
Q

The cochlea is a __________-filled tube which wraps around itself approximately ____ times.

A

perilymph;

2.5

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10
Q

In 3 different parts, the hairs (kinocilia and sterocilia) of sensory cell project into the
overlying gelatinous mass:

A

Cupula, otolith membrane, tectorial membrane

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11
Q

The bony cochlea turns around a central bony _____________, which forms the axis of the cochlear
turns.

A

modiolus

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12
Q

The spiral lamina is a ridge of bone that divides the cochlear cavity into two chambers:
the ___________ and the _____________.

A

scala vestibule;

scala tympani

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13
Q

The ____________ is suspended in the

endolymph within the scala media. It rests on the __________ membrane as its spirals within the cochlear turns.

A

organ of Corti;

basilar

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14
Q

What is spiral ligament? Function?

A
  • thickened endosteum (fibrous cushion between stria vascularis and bony otic capsule)
  • gives perilymph
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15
Q

____________ is a portion of the spiral ligament that is vascularised and secretes _____________.

A

Straie vascularis;

endolymph

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16
Q

The apical regions of the supporting and pillar cells of organ of Corti are tightly joined together to form the ______________ which is permeable/impermeable.

A

Reticular lamina;

impermeable

17
Q

How can the brain control the sensitivity of hair cells?

A

Cortex > superior colliculus > CN8 > outer hair cells > beat to control apposition of the tectorial membrane

18
Q

In scala vestibuli and tympani, what is the relative ionic concentrations of Na+ and K+?

A

[Na+] > [K+] in perilymph

19
Q

The auditory pathway is bilateral but predominantly ____________.

A

Contralateral

Cochlear nucleus:
Dorsal nu: contralateral;
Ventral nu: bilateral

20
Q

State the flow of the main auditory pathway.

A

Superior olivary nucleus >
Lateral lemniscus >
Inferior colliculus >
Medial geniculate nucleus

21
Q

What is the trapezoid body?

A

From ventral cochlear nucleus, collection fibers on ventral aspect passing through the SON and the medial lemniscus (to contralateral side)

22
Q

State the 4 functions of SON.

A
  1. Sound localization
    (different arrival time and intensity between ears)
  2. Modulation of sensitivity: SON > outer hair cells
  3. Acoustic reflex for dampening sound : SON > CN7 > stapedius m.(CN7) + tensor tympani (motor V)
  4. Attention (Tectospinal tract):
    auditory signals > reticular formation, superior colliculus > neck muscles
23
Q

Semicircular canal contains _________________ at the ampulla that detects angular acceleration.

A

Crista (ampullaris)

24
Q

Utricle and saccule are the ____________ that contains _________ which are at right angle to each other.

A

otolith organs;
macula

Macula of utricle: horizontal plane;
Macula of saccule: vertical plane

25
Q

Vestibular ganglion at the internal acoustic meatus:
Vestibular nerve runs between the _____________ and ____________, and project to superior, medial, inferior vestibular nuclei.

(Lateral vestibular nuclei: balance, receives proprioception directly from muscles)

A

spinal trigeminal tract and the inferior cerebellar peduncle

26
Q

List 4 vestibular connections.

A 
1. Spinal cord
(vestibulospinal reflex, vestibulocervical reflex) 
2. Eye (VOR) 
3. Cerebellum
4. Cerebral cortex
27
Q

In vestibulospinal reflex, which vestibular nucleus is involved, what is the target, functions and laterality?

A

Lateral vestibular nucleus;
Target: whole spinal cord via the lateral vestibulospinal tract;
Functions: modulate tone of axial limb extensor muscles, feedback from muscles for regulation of muscle tone;
Ipsilateral

28
Q

In vestibulocervical reflex, which vestibular nucleus is involved, what is the target, functions and laterality?

A

Medial vestibular nucleus;
Target: mainly cervical via medial vestibulospinal tract (in descending MLF);
Functions: stabilize head in space by activating neck muscle;
Bilateral

29
Q

Which vestibular nuclei/nucleus is/are involved in VOR?

A

Superior and medial vestibular nuclei

30
Q

VOR excites the _________(laterality) ___________(nucleus) and inhibites the _________(laterality) ___________(nucleus).

A

contralateral CN6
and ipsilateral CN3
are excited

ipsilateral CN6 inhibited

31
Q

CN8 and superior vestibular nucleus projects to _____________ of the cerebellum _________(laterality) . They in turn project to _______ vestibular nuclei __________ (laterality).

A

Flocculonodular lobe and vermis; ipsilaterally;

all 4; bilaterally

32
Q

In tracking eye movement, VOR is suppressed via ____________ to vestibular nucleus. What is the pathway involved?

A

cerebellum connection;

Retina > cortex > superior colliculus > pontine nucleus > cerebellum > vestibular nucleus

33
Q

List the vestibular areas in the cortex.

A
  1. Anterior cingulum (from VP nucleus of thalamus)
  2. Inferior parietal lobule
  3. Parietal-temporal-insular region
  4. Near face area of somatosensory area
34
Q

What are functions of vestibular connections with cerebral cortex?

A
  • coordinate movement

- conscious sense of motion, spatial orientation, head position

Neuroanatomy (20 decks)

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