39 Limbic sytem

Question 1

Cortex beneath the middle cerebral artery is called?

Answer 1

Insula

Question 2

The medial part of the temporal lobe contains?

Answer 2

1. Hippocampus, the convoluted cortex

2. Parahippocampal formation: gyrus below the hippocampus

Question 3

________is the fiber bundle that arises from the hippocampus, it runs C-shape course on the medial wall of the hemisphere, on the surface of hippocampus.

Answer 3

Fornix

Question 4

The olfactory pathway is unique in that it does not go to the _____________.

Answer 4

thalamus

Question 5

How is the olfactory system related to the limbic system?

Answer 5

Olfactory nerve > bulb > tract > primary olfactory area/cortex > amygdala

Question 6

Components of the limbic lobe?

Answer 6

○ Cingulate gyrus
○ Septal area
○ Parahippocampus gyrus (with amygdala) [rhinal sulcus and collateral sulcus]
○ Hippocampus = hippocampal formation

Question 7

Rhinal sulcus is anterior/posterior part of the parahippocampus.

Answer 7

Anterior

Question 8

The collateral sulcus is between _________ and __________ of the parahippocampus.

Answer 8

lingual gyrus and fusiform gyrus

Question 9

The parahippocampal gyrus bends backward. The bent-back segment is called the _________.

Answer 9

uncus

Question 10

Anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus is the _______ area (area ___)

Answer 10

Entorhinal area; area 28

Question 11

The piriform lobe consists of the ____________ and __________and appears to be pear-shaped.

Answer 11

uncus and entorhinal area

Question 12

_________ is a nuclear mass located beneath the surface of the uncus .

Answer 12

Amygdala

Question 13

The primary olfactory area consists of?

Answer 13

1. cortex covering amygdala
2. cortex in front of amygdala
3. cortex in part of the entorhinal area

Question 14

At the anterior end of the lateral ventricle, the _____________________ continues ventrally as a thickened medial wall. The medial wall contains the ____________.

Answer 14

septum pellucidum;
septal nuclei (in the septal wall)

Question 15

_____________________is on the orbital (ventral) surface of the prefrontal cortex; is topographically and functionally closely related to the medial part of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala.

Answer 15

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 16

The junction of the ventral parts of the caudate nucleus and the putamen (ventral striatum) lying next to the septal area is the ________________________.

Answer 16

nucleus of accumbens

Question 17

__________________ is near the end of olfactory tract, base of striatum and globus pallidus, amygdala, nucleus of accumbens consisting of cholinergic neurons projecting to the entire neocortex.

Answer 17

Basal forebrain

Question 18

What will happen in severe atrophy of the basal forebrain cholinergic system?

Answer 18

Parkinson’s disease

Question 19

Components of the hippocampus?

Answer 19

1. subiculum
2. dentate gyrus
3. CA (conu ammonis)
4. fornix

Question 20

The part of fornix running along the hippocampus is called ________.

Answer 20

fimbria

Question 21

The limbic lobe surrounds the ____________ and is surrounded by the _______________.

Answer 21

Diencephalon;

neocortex

Question 22

What functions are regulated by the limbic output to the basal ganglia?

Answer 22

1. learned skill

2. instinctive actions (mating, eating, feeding)

Question 23

Other than the basal ganglia, limbic lobe also projects to?

Answer 23

1. hypothalamus for autonomic and visceral functions

2. other cortical areas for memory, emotion and behaviour

Question 24

Describe the connections between limbic lobe and the hippocampus in memory formation.

Answer 24

Sensory association areas (esp temporal) and cingulate gyrus > entorhinal area > via perforant pathway > dentate gyrus of hippocampus > CA1,2,3 in schaffer collaterals.
> via fornix > neocortex storing long-term memory.

Question 25

The perforant pathway perforates the ________ on its ways to dentate gyrus.

Answer 25

subiculum

Question 26

Memory stored in hippocampus is ____________.

Answer 26

new and short-term

Question 27

Describe the Papez circuit .

Answer 27

entorhinal area > via perforant pathway > hippocampus > via fornix > mammillary body > via mammillothalamic tract > anterior nucleus of thalamus > via internal capsule > cingulate gyrus > via cingulum > entorhinal area

Question 28

___________ is the fiber tract beneath the cortex of cingulate gyrus.

Answer 28

Cingulum

Question 29

Conu ammonis | CA1 is affected in what patients?

Answer 29

Alzheimer's dementia, epilepsy, ischemia

Question 30

Conu ammonis CA2 is important in? Lesion?

Answer 30

``` Social cognition (remembering familial members); damage will cause autism, schizophrenia ```

Question 31

Atrophy of ________________ can be seen in Korsakoff Sydrome.

Answer 31

mammillary body

Question 32

Symptoms of Korsakoff Syndrome (alcoholims)?

Answer 32

1. loss of recent memory 2. confusion 3. hallucination 4. confabulation, fabrication

Question 33

Hippocampus is connected to the hypothalamus and septal area via __________.

Answer 33

fornix

Question 34

Amygdala is connected to the hypothalamus and septal area via __________.

Answer 34

stria terminalis

Question 35

Septal nuclei connect with brain areas like ______________ involving in reward, and its major output is to _____________.

Answer 35

VTA, nucleus accumbens; | hypothalamus > affect autonomic and hormonal activities

Question 36

Activation of hippocampus glutamatergic projections to lateral septum exerts ____________effects on feeding.

Answer 36

anorexic

Question 37

Activation of hippocampus ______________ projections to lateral septum exerts anorexic effects on feeding.

Answer 37

glutamatergic

Question 38

Amygdala is involved in response to stimuli with emotional significance (fear, pain). Afferents?

Answer 38

sensory association and insular areas

Question 39

Efferents of amygdala?

Answer 39

1. orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices (complex behaviours) 2. anterior cingulate gyrus (unpleasantness of painful stimuli) 3. striatum (selection of behaviour/movement) 4. medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus 5. hypothalamus

Question 40

In the __________ cortex, midline group of thalamic nucleus (reuniens nucleus) may inhibit the expression of fear.

Answer 40

medial prefrontal

Question 41

Lesion of _____________ may cause exaggeration of fear.

Answer 41

Reuniens nucleus (midline group of thalamic nucleus) in the medial prefrontal cortex

Question 42

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 42

Bilateral lesion of anterior temporal lobe including amygdala

Question 43

Which of the following are symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome? A. Visual agnosia (cannot recognize familiar places and faces) B. Altered dietary habits C. Hyposexuality D. Hyperorality (oral examination of all objects) E. Docile behaviour F. Expression of primitive behaviours

Answer 43

All except C - hypersexuality

Question 44

Symptoms of medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal amygdala areas lesions ? ``` A. Anxiety B. Schizophrenia C. Autism D. Bipolar E. Post-traumatic stress disorder F. Phobia G. Depression ```

Answer 44

All except D ``` Signs and symptoms of Schizophrenia § Hallucinations § Delusions § Disorganized thinking (speech) § Movement disorders (agitation) § Reduced feelings of pleasure □ No emotional expression □ Depressed mood, irritability □ Reduced speaking, monotone □ Lack of motivation □Withdrawal from friends and family ```