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Neuroanatomy > 51 Vision II > Flashcards

51 Vision II Flashcards

1
Q

State the flow of the reticulogeniculate pathway for vision.

A

optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract > lateral geniculate body > optic radiation > primary visual cortex

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2
Q

What is monocular field and binocular visual field?

A

Monocular: 1/3 (not overlapping)

Bonocular visual field: 2/3 (overlapping)

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3
Q

The fixation point that will be projected to the macula is made up by the intersections of?

A

Vertical median and horizontal median

lines passing vertically/horizontally through the fovea centralis

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4
Q

Nasal retina perceives ___________ visual field.

A

Temporal

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5
Q

The optic tract is at the _________ surface of the diencephalon. It contains axons from both eyes representing opposite visual field.

A

lateral

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6
Q

The optic tract is divided into? Where are their destinations?

A

Lateral root > lateral geniculate nucleus (90%);
Medial root:
1. pretectal area
>to both EW nucleus for pupillary light reflex
2. superior colliculus
> 2.1 pulvinar: to visual association cortex (extrageniculate pathway) for blindsight

2.2 PPRF for autonomic scanning (saccadic eye movement)

  1. RF for arousal
  2. Suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus for circadian rhythm
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7
Q

Neurons in each layer of the lateral geniculate layer receives inputs from ________ eye(s).

A

1

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8
Q

Name which side of the retinal input does the LGN receive from from layers 1-6.

A

CIICIC

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9
Q

What are the different cell types of LGN in different layers? What are their functions respectively?

A

Layers 1-2: Magnocellular layer (Y-cell: movement perception)

Layers 3-6: Parvocellular layer (X-cell: visual detail and color)

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10
Q

Any defect that occurs before the optic chiasm is on the ________ side.

A

same (stays on the same side)

e.g. left optic nerve lesion > left visual field defect

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11
Q

Any defect occurs at/beyond the optic chiasm involves ______ eyes with ___________defect.

A

both; ventral meridian

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12
Q

In what defect that the peripheral visual field in the right eye is lost?

A

Right optic neuropathy e.g. glaucoma, optic neuritis

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13
Q

__________________ happens when there is complete lesion of the optic chiasm.

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

e.g. tumor

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14
Q

What is left homonymous hemianopia?

Give 3 examples of when it will happen

A

Left visual hemifield of both eyes are lost.

  1. Lesion of the right optic tract
  2. Lesion of right optic radiation
  3. Right occipital lobe (visual cortex) defect
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15
Q

If there is lesion at the upper right optic radiations, what will happen to the visual fields?

A

Left homonymous superior quadrantonopia

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16
Q

Axons from _________ hemiretina cross the midline (thus contralateral)
While those from _____________ hemiretina go to the optic tract on the same side (ipsilateral)

A

nasal;

temporal

17
Q

___________ enter retro-lentiform part of the internal capsule (behind posterior limb) and run alongside the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

A

Optic radiation

18
Q

The optic radiation run alongside the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle and turn _____________ to enter the occipital cortex.

A

medially

19
Q

What is the Meyer’s loop?

A

Axons carrying image from the contralateral superior quadrant, runs lateral to temporal horn of the lateral ventricle

20
Q

What happen when there is damage to Meyer’s loop?

A
  • Medial sector are anterior most fibers > lost earliest in temporal lobectomy
  • superolateral field cut: pie in the sky
21
Q

In retinotopic map, ________ region is over-represented than _________ regions.

A

Central; peripheral

22
Q

The primary cortex projects the ____________________ visual field __________(orientation) in the retinotopic map.

A

contralateral visual hemifield ; upside down

23
Q

Information from the upper quadrant of the left visual fields projects to the __________________ of the retina, the travels to the ______LGN then to the ________ visual cortex above/below the calcimine sulcus.

A

lower right quadrant;
right;
right

24
Q

In the primary visual cortex, afferents terminate mostly at layer ______, also named as ____________.

A

4C; line of Gennari (white colour, = striae cortex)

25
Q

What does it mean by ocular dominance columns?

A

info coming from the left and
the right eye (already segregated in LGN) is kept separate in layer IV of the visual cortex

  • binocular cells in layers superficial to layer 4
26
Q

How spatial information is obtained from the visual field to the primary visual cortex?

A
  • Left cortex: right visual field
  • Upper half of visual view > lower part of visual cortex
  • Macula: posterior of primary visual cortex
  • Peripheral: anterior in primary visual cortex
27
Q

How to define area of projection in the primary visual cortex?

A

proportional to the number of photoreceptors in the retina

28
Q

State the route, functions, destination of the what pathway .

A

Route:
P-ganglion cell > parvocellular LGN (layers 3-6) > V1 > V2 > V4 (area 19) > Inferior Temporal Cortex

Functions: color, form, face (area 37)

Jm9 = what??
V1-2-4 (area 19)
Inferior temporal cortex (inf:濕鳩)
V4: colour and form (fusiform gyrus, at inferotemporal cortex)

29
Q 
V1 = area ?
V2,V3 = area? 
V4 = ?
V5 = ?
A

17;
18, 19;
anteromedial area 19, what pathway, fusiform gyrus;
anterolateral area 19; where pathway, middle temporal gyrus

30
Q

State the route, functions, destination of the where pathway.

A

M-ganglion cell > Magnocellular layer in LGN (layers 1-2) > V1 > V2 > V3 > V5 (middle temporal gyrus) > Posterior Parietal cortex (where)

Functions: movement perception, attention center, stereopsis (depth perception)

地方咁大= magno
V1-2-3-5 (area 17,18, 19)七上八下 (movement)
Easy to go parietal (側邊)

31
Q

What will happen when damage to V4?

A

V4 = anteromedial area 19, fusiform gyrus;
Visual agnosia: cannot recognise or interpret visual information;
acquired colour blindness (form and color)

32
Q

Damage in V5?

A

Motion blindness, spatial neglect

33
Q

Site for visual memory?

A

Visual association cortices/ extrastriae visual cortex (V2-5/ Area 18-19)

34
Q

____________ hypothesis means that each neuron at the bottom level is specialised in detecting certain properties,
e.g. line, movement, colour
> Combined in neurons at higher layer

A

Hierarchical coding

35
Q

____________ hypothesis means simultaneous activation of defining properties; co-occurrence of characteristics.

A

Ensemble-coding

Neuroanatomy (20 decks)

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