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Neuroanatomy > 36 Diencephalon - Organization and function of thalamus and hypothalamus > Flashcards

36 Diencephalon - Organization and function of thalamus and hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

List the parts of the diencephalon.

A
  1. hypothalamus (front + inferior)
  2. epithalamus (posterior)
  3. subthalamus
  4. thalamus (middle)
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2
Q

What is the main role of thalamus?

A

As a relay center

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3
Q

_____________ separates the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

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4
Q

______________ is the posterior limit of the floor of the diencephalon.

A

Mamillary body

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5
Q

What are the superior boundaries of the diencephalon?

A

Connective tissues and choroid plexus of Tela choroidea

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6
Q

What are the 2 layers of white matter in the diencephalon?

A
  1. Internal medullary lamina

2. External medullary lamina

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7
Q

Internal medullary lamina separates?

A

The medial group of thalamic neurons from the lateral group

  • also encloses the anterior thalamic nucleus
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8
Q

In the internal medullary lamina, there are some neurons dispersing in the layer to form the ________________, which relays ________signals from the spinoreticulothalamic tract to almost whole area of the cerebral cortex.

A

Intralaminar nucleus;

emotional

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9
Q

In the internal medullary lamina, there are some neurons dispersing in the layer to form the Intralaminar nucleus, which relays emotional signals from the _______________ to _______________.

A

spinoreticulothalamic tract;

almost whole area of the cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Pain, temperature and proprioception are relayed to the _______________thalamic nucleus of the diencephalon.

A

Ventral posterior

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11
Q

What is lateral to the external medullary lamina?

A

internal capsule and globus pallidus

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12
Q

How can the thalamic nucleus be categorized into 3 types? Give examples of each type.

A
  1. Specific relay nuclei
    - VA, VL, VP
  2. Association nuclei
    - anterior nucleus, mediodorsal nucleus, pulvinar
  3. Non-specific nuclei
    - intralaminar nuclei, thalamic reticular nucleus
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13
Q

Afferent and efferent of Ventral anterior nucleus.

A

Afferent: globus pallidus
Efferent: prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

Afferents and efferents of Ventral lateral nucleus. (2 pairs)

A

Afferent 1: globus pallidus
Efferent 1: supplementary motor area
Afferent 2: cerebellum
Efferent 2: motor cortex

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15
Q

Afferents and efferent of Ventral posterior nucleus (VPL and VPM).

A

Afferents: medial, spinal and trigeminal lemnisci

Efferects: somatosensory cortex

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16
Q

Afferent and efferent of lateral geniculate nucleus.

A

Afferent: Optic tract (superior colliculus of midbrain)
Efferent: Primary visual cortex (visual area of occipital cortex)

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17
Q

Afferent and efferent of medial geniculate nucleus.

A

Afferent: Inferior branchium (inferior colliculus of midbrain)
Efferent: Primary auditory cortex (superior temporal lobe)

18
Q

Which thalamic nucleus receives signals from dorsal column tract and spinothalamic tract?

A

Ventral posterolateral nucleus

19
Q

Which thalamic nucleus receives signals from head and neck and trigeminal thalamic pathways?

A

Ventral posteromedial nucleus

20
Q

_____________ are reciprocally connected to the association areas of the cerebral cortex.

A

Association nuclei

21
Q

Afferent and efferent of anterior nucleus.

A

Afferent: mamillary body
via mammillothalamic tract
Efferent: cingulate cortex

22
Q

Function of anterior nucleus?

A

Memory, limbic system

23
Q

Afferent and efferent of Lateral dorsal nucleus/ Dorsolateral nucleus ?

A

Afferent: hippocampus
Efferent: cingulate cortex

24
Q

Function of lateral dorsal nucleus?

A

Memory

25
Q

Afferent and efferent of mediodorsal nucleus?

A

Afferent: olfactory cortex, amygdala in temporal lobe
Efferent: prefrontal cortex (reciprocal)

26
Q

Function of mediodorsal nucleus

A

Mood, cognition, judgement (limbic)

27
Q

Afferent and efferent of lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar?

A

Afferent: superior colliculus (midbrain)
Efferent: Visual and parietal association cortices

28
Q

Functions of lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar?

A

Extrageniculate visual pathway, blindsight (lesion at visual cortex > still know whether light is on)

29
Q

Which association nuclei are involved in the limbic system?
A. anterior nucleus
B. lateral dorsal nucleus
C. mediodorsal nucleus
D. pulvinar and lateral posterior nucleus

A

C

30
Q

Afferents and efferents of intralaminar nuclei?

A

Reticular formation, spinothalamic tracts, trigeminothalamic tracts
»
cerebral cortex and corpus stiratum

31
Q

Functions of intralaminar nucelis?

A

Consciousness and arousal, emotional component of pain

32
Q

____________ cortex is important for the perception of the emotional part of the brain.

A

Anterior cingulate

33
Q

Thalamic reticular nucleus is a group of ____________ neurons that form thin layers on the lateral side of the thalamus.

A

GABAergic

34
Q

Briefly know about hypothalamic nuclei (low chance to be examined )

A
  • Anterior (above the optic chiasm) : preoptic, supraoptic, suprachiasmatic
  • Middle (above the infundibulum) : paraventricular, dorsomedial, lateral ,ventromedial, arcuate
  • Posterior (above the tuber cinereum+ mammillary body): posterior, mammillary, tuberomammillary, dorsal
35
Q

Medial forebrain bundle carries _________ fibers from brainstem to the cerebral cortex. Why is it highly activated in drug addicts, alcoholics?

A

aminergic = dopaminergic, cholinergic

  • includes axons coming from the ventral tegmental areas in the midbrain that projects anteriorly to the nucleus accumbens in the frontal cortex, which uses dopamine as neurotransmitters.
36
Q

Medial forebrain bundle is medial/ lateral to the hypothalamic neurons.

A

lateral

37
Q

The ___________system involves in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormones secretion (adenohypophysis). It includes the ______________ tract that involves preoptic, ventromedial and arcuate nuclei.

A

parvocellular;

tuberoinfundibular

38
Q

he ___________system involves in the regulation of posterior pituitary hormones secretion (neurohypophysis). It includes the ______________ tract formed by paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei.

A

magnocellular;

hypothalamohypophyseal

39
Q

What is the parasympathetic response upon stimulating the hypothalamus on the urinary bladder?

A

contraction of bladder

40
Q

What is the sympathetic response upon stimulating the lateral part of hypothalamus?

A

Stress-like response:

  1. diffuse sympathetic discharge
  2. increase adrenal medullary secretion
41
Q

____________ are brain regions where the BBB is incomplete, with fenestrated capillaries.

A

Circumventricular organs

42
Q

Give example of a prominent circumventricular organ.

A

area of postrema: located in the 4th ventricle ;

others: pineal body, subfornical organ, median eminence, neurohypophysis, vascular organ of lamina terminalis

Neuroanatomy (20 decks)

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