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Neuroanatomy > 49 Vision I > Flashcards

49 Vision I Flashcards

1
Q

There are ____ layers in the eye

A

3

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2
Q

The outer layer of the eye consists of?

A

Sclera, cornea

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3
Q

The middle layer of the eye consists of?

A

Choroid, ciliary body, iris

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4
Q

The inner layer of the eye consists of ?

A

Retina, epithelium of the ciliary body, epithelium of the iris

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5
Q

The sclera consists of __________ cells.

A

Collagen fibroblast

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6
Q

What is the limbus?

A

The corneoscleral junction

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7
Q

The cornea accounts for ______ of the total refraction of incoming light?

A

2/3

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8
Q

List the 5 layers of the cornea.

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Bowman’s membrane
  3. Stroma
  4. Descemet’s membrane
  5. Endothelium
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9
Q

Branches of the ____________ nerve provide sensory information to the cornea. Lesion of it will lead to?

A 
nasociliary nerve (CNV1);
cornea ulcers
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10
Q

The cornea is avascular and thus advantageous for?

A

corneal grafting

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11
Q

In which layer is there a basement epithelium that divides and thus continuous turnover?

A

Epithelium

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12
Q

______________ contains numerous nerve fibers which are sensitive to pain, and for corneal reflex.

A

Epithelium

*multilayered

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13
Q

What is the function of the Bowman’s membrane?

A

For support, protection against infection

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14
Q

What is stroma and what happened if it is damaged?

A

Regular arrangement of multiple fibroblast nuclei layers to produce transparency.
Damage > reduced transparency (opaque lens)

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15
Q

Function of the Descement’s membrane?

A

Support

as the basement membrane of the endothelium

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16
Q

Which of the following is true about the endothelium of the cornea?
A. It undergoes turnover
B. Defect (e.g. corneal edema) will cause reduced transparency
C. Regulates the fluid in and out of the cornea by creating a barrier

A

All except A

therefore will degenerate as person ages

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17
Q

How does the lens acquire nutrients when being avascular?

A

Receive nutrients from the aqueous humour

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18
Q

The lens is covered by _______________.

A

Lens capsule

19
Q

Inherently tends to be spherical but maintains flattened by _____________.

A

tension in the zonular fibers

20
Q

Which of the following about the lens are correct?
A. Lens epithelial cells appears around the lens
B. The cells transform into lens fibers towards the equator
C. Nucleus of the lens cells will devoid

A

All except A

lens epithelium only at the anterior side

21
Q

___________ surface or iris is covered by 2 layers of pigmented epithelium continuous with that of the ciliary epithelium.

A

Posterior

22
Q

At the further end of the iris, there is _______________ muscles innervated by _________.

A

Sphincter pupillae;

CN3 (EW nucleus)

23
Q

Which muscle is present along the whole length of the iris? What its the innervation?

A

Dilator pupillae;

superior cervical ganglion (alpha 1 receptor)

24
Q

The iris epithelium consists of _____layer(s) (pigmented).

A

2 layers

  1. anterior layer: give rise to dilator msucles
  2. Posterior layer of epithelial cell
25
Q

The iris epithelium is continuous with the ciliary epithelium in which the outer layer is ___________ while the inner layer is ______________.

A

pigmented; (further from lens)

non-pigemented (closer to lens)

26
Q

__________ is the major origin of aqeuous humour. How many layers of epithelium does it contain?

A

Ciliary body;

2

27
Q

State the flow of aqueous humour.

A

Ciliary epithelium > secreted into posterior chamber > pupil > anterior chamber > Trabecular meshwork > Canal of Schlemm > episcleral veins

28
Q

_________ is the most common form of glaucoma. It is due to?

A

Open-angle glaucoma;

  • slow blockade of the Canal of Schlemm, with wide and open iridocorneal angle
  • decreased outflow of aqueous humour through the tracbecular meshwork cause gradual reduction of peripheral vision.
29
Q

Why can pilocarpine treat open-angle glaucoma?

A

It contracts the ciliary muscles (it is a muscarinic agonist)

30
Q

What is close-angle glaucoma?

A

Closed iridocorneal angle, cannot drain into the trabecular meshwork, causing sudden rise in intraocular pressure, and retinal ganglion cell death.

31
Q

What drug can worsen the angle-closure glaucoma?

A

Atropine, as it causes relaxation of the ciliary muscle.

32
Q

Name all the layers of the retina.

A
  1. Retinal pigmented epithelium

Neural retina

  1. Outer nuclear layer
  2. Outer plexiform layer
  3. Inner nuclear layer
  4. Inner plexiform layer
  5. Ganglion cell layer
33
Q

Which of the following about the retinal pigment epithelium is correct?
A. It contains multiple layers
B. It does not undergo mitosis
C. It is firmly attached to the choroid normally
D. It contains melanin

A

C and D

A: single layer
B: It has continuous removal of the outer photoreceptor segments (photopigment) > defects lead to slow blindness

34
Q

The outer nuclear layer contains?

A

Cell bodies of photoreceptors (rods and cones)

35
Q

The inner nuclear layer contains?

A
  1. Bipolar cells
  2. Amacrine cells (for contrast enhancement, movement detection, no axons)
  3. Horizontal cells
  4. Cell bodies of Muller cells
36
Q

Ganglion cell layer contains?

A

Ganglion cells: sole output of retina to brain

37
Q

Muller cells are distributed in what layers?

Functions?

A

Spans the whole length, but cell bodies at the inner nuclear layer

Function like astrocytes,

38
Q

Is there any oligodendrocytes in the retina?

A

No! only Muller cells in which their processes are associated with most retinal cells

39
Q

Retinal detachment is the detachment of __________ from ___________.

A

Neural retina from the retinal pigmented epithelium

40
Q

The fovea is always __________ to the optic disk.

A

Temporal

*avascular!

41
Q

Optic disk only contains _____________, and is pierced by ___________.

A

axons of ganglion cells;

central retinal artery and vein

42
Q

Meninges of optic nerve continuous with that of brain: hence ________________ of optic nerve is continuous with that of the brain > extends to sclera behind the optic disk.
Clinical significance?

A

subarachnoid space;
Raised intracranial pressure transmitted along the SAS to the region behind the optic disc led to papilledema (swelling of optic disk)

43
Q

Other than hydrocephalus, name a cause of papilledema.

A

glaucoma

Neuroanatomy (20 decks)

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