51-97 End of the Year Review Terms Flashcards
An emotion packed Christian Movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. Spread the idea of religious freedom and tolerance that sparked the growth of new churches.
First Great Awakening
A leader of the First Great Awakening, authored “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”
Johnathan Edwards
A leader in the First Great Awakening; a preacher who made several tours through the colonies. His sermons were so profound that audience members often wept.
George Whitefield
By the mid-1700s, both the British and French held substantial land in North America. In 1753, the French began building forst to protect their claim on the Ohio River Valley. The Governor of Virginia decided to send troops to the disputed area led by a 21 year old officer named George Washington. Washington was defeated and sent back to the colonies.
French and Indian War
One of the founding fathers of the United States, known for his unifying Albany Plan
Benjamin Franklin
Tried to create a unified government for the 13 colonies during the French and Indian War
Albany Plan
This was a cartoon created by Benjamin Franklin that represented the need for the colonies to join together for a common defense in order for their survival
Join or Die
Written by Benjamin Franklin and contained many witty phrases and saying that are still a part of American culture today. Example “Content makes poor men rich; discontent makes rich men poor”
Poor Richard’s Almanac
When a New York printer published criticism of the royal governor. He was found not guilty because his statements were true. He established the first important victory for freedom of the press in the English Colonies of North America.
John Peter Zenger Trail
Ended the French and Indian War and defined the Appalachian Mountains as the boundaries for colonial settlement. It forbade any settlers from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists often ignored this rle and crossed into the frontier creating conflict with Native Americans.
Proclamation of 1763
The French and Indian War ended with this document, however, long lasting repercussions made this war and significant cause of the American Revolution. Following the war, Great Britain expected the American Colonies to pay for the war debt. The colonists were also barred from exploring the newly acquired land. Additionally, this treaty gave Great Britain primary ownership of North America.
Treaty of Paris 1763
British parliament passed this, declaring that only British ships would be allowed to bring goods into the colonies and the colonies could only export goods to Great Britain.
Navigation Acts
The economic policy of European countries through which nations attempt to gain wealth through trade with other countries and exporting more than they import. Europeans held that colonies in the New World existed to make the home country wealthy and powerful as a source of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods. This caused European Countries to compete for land in the New World.
Mercantilism
Britain was in war debt and thought that colonists should pay part of the debt through taxes. This was one of the first acts they created. This was when Parliament put a duty (tax) on several products including molasses
Sugar Act of 1764
Another one of Britain’s taxes that required colonists to quarter, or house, British troops and provide them with supplies.
Quartering Act
Also another one of Britain’s taxes that required colonists to buy special taxed stamps for all sorts of items including letters and newspapers. This Act especially impacted the colonists because their communication was through letters and newspapers and now they had to pay to communicate.
Stamp Act
An act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act of 1765 and the changing and lessening of the Sugar Act. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act because of boycotts were hurting British Trade.
Declaratory Act
Colonists began to boycott some of the taxes by refusing to use the items being taxed. These acts said that Britain would no longer tax products or activities inside the colonies. it would only tax items brought into the colonies.
Townshend Acts
After the Townshend Acts were passed the colonists were very angry. On March 5th, 1770, an angry crowd gathered around a small group of soldiers. The soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 5. John Adams defended soldiers on trial. Only 2 were convicted and their punishment was to have their thumbs branded.
Boston Massacre
Although most of the taxes from the Townshend Acts had been repealed, the tax on tea remained. The Sons of Liberty was a group of colonial leaders that met in secret to play ways to resist British control. The Sons of Liberty threatened merchants and ship captains who brought tea to the colonies. No tea was brought to the colonies except to one port city, Boston. On the night of December 16.1773, a large group of men disguised as Indians demped thousands of dollars’ worth of tea into the Boston Harbor.
Boston Tea Party
In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed 4 laws meant to punish the colonists. The 4 laws were: closing the Boston Harbor, two increased the power of the royal government, and the last strengthened the Quartering Act. Colonists were outraged and several colonial leaders met in Philadelphia for the First Continental Congress.
Intolerable Acts
The policy of the British Government during the colonial period in which trade rules were rarely enforced and the colonies were allowed to govern themselves. This created a sense of individualism and promoted the tradition of self-government and widespread land ownership that led to the American Revolution.
Salutary Neglect
A group of radical colonial leaders that met in secret to plan ways to resist British Control (Patriots). They also led to the Boston Tea Party.
Sons of Liberty
in 1775, colonial citizens soldiers known as minutemen began to store weapons in Concord. British troops sent out to capture the weapons; however, Paul Revere and William Dawes warned the patriots of the British Advance. In the city of Lexington, about 5 miles from Concord, seventy seven minutemen awaited the British Advance. Soon after the British arrival, a shot rang out, this became the first shot of the American Revolution.
Battle of Lexington and Concord
Located just outside the City of Boston. 10,000 American soldiers surrounded the city. This battles was when the British forces, led by General Howe, advanced up the hill 3 times. The first 2 times were unsuccessful, however, the 3rd times was successful because of the colonists ran out of ammunition. Although the British won the conflict, it was a moral victory for the patriots.
Battle of Bunkerhill
The colonists of the American Revolutionary Period who supported the British cause.
Loyalist
People who supported the colonists breaking away from British Rule.
Patriot
Wrote many pamphlets and books. It used logic and emotion to support the argument for independence and raise the morale of the Continental Army.
Thomas Paine
Paine’s pamphlet that stimulated broad support for independence.
Common Sense
Thomas Paine later wrote a series of essays in his ongoing support of the American Revolution.
The Crisis
An American statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the US. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the Sons of Liberty.
Samuel Adams
A merchant, statesman and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the 2nd Continental Congress and was first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the US Declaration of Independence.
John Hancock
An American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the 3rd President of the US. He was a spokesman for democracy, and embraced the principles of Republicanism and the rights of individual with worldwide influence. At the beginning of the American Revolution, he served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia, and then served a wartime Governor of Virginia.`
Thomas Jefferson
A brillant piece of writing that was constructed on ideas from the Enlightenment. It uses step by step logic to explain the reasons why the colonists wanted to break away from Britain and lists their complaints against the king. It embodies the idea that “all men are created equal” and are entitled to the “right of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
Declaration of Independence
A British fort in northern New York. Ethan Allen led a group of patriots called the Green Mountain Boys and captured the British Fort during a surprise attack. It gave the Continental Army much needed cannons, which they took back to Boston.
Fort Ticonderoga
During the winter of 1777-1778, Washington was forced to encamp his men with little to no supplies in this place which became a rallying cry for Americans and their will be independent.
Valley Forge
A leader of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, president of the Continental Congress, and was chosen as the first president of the US.
George Washington
A war hero and leader in the Continental Army. He felt undervalued by Congress and deserted the patriot cause and joined the British.
Benedict Arnold
A French Noble who volunteered and became a high ranking officer in the Continental Army.
Marquis de Lafayette
A German military man who helped train and volunteer forces for the patriots during the American Revolution
Friedrich von Steuben
Known as the “Swamp Fox” led small bands of guerilla warfare soldiers to slow the advance of the British.
Francis Marion
German mercenaries serving in the British forces during the American Revolution.
Hessians
30,000 British troops landed in New York in June of 1776. They defeated Washington and his army and forced him to flee frantically. On Christmas night, 1776, Washington led a surprise attack against German Hessians and was victorious. Later, Washington led another surprise attack on British forces. Both of these 2 battles were successful.
Battle of Trenton and Princeton
John Burgoyne, a British general, had a plan to end the Revolutionary War once and for all. He planned to lead an attack from 3 sides and surround Washington’s army. The plan backfired when one of the forces made a detour to capture Philadelphia. This battle was the turning point battle of the Revolutionary War because France decided to become an ally.
Battle of Saratoga
A decisive victory in South Carolina for the Patriot militia over the Loyalists militia in the Southern Campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The battle took place on October 7, 1780, North Carolina in rural Cherokee County, South Carolina, where the Patriot Militia defeated the Loyalist militia commanded by British Major Patrick Ferguson.
Battle of Kings Mountain
General Cornwallis led the entire British Army to a coastal Virginian city. He was expecting for British warships to reinforce him there, but he did not known that the French Fleet was on its way. George Washington surrounded the city by land. The British were forced to surrender. The final battle of the Revolutionary War.
Battle of Yorktown
The Cherokee and British became allies during the French and Indian War. The relationship soon began to deteriorate, and the 2 sides became hostile. In 1760, the Cherokees led by Attakullakulla laid siege to a fort in TN. The colonial troops surrendered but the Cherokee killed 25 and enslaved 200 more. This led to the Cherokee War.
Massacre at Fort Loudon
