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Control > 5) Front of the neck > Flashcards

5) Front of the neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle in the neck?

A
  • Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • Anterior border of trapezius
  • Mid 1/3 of clavicle
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2
Q

The trunks of what descend posteroinferiorly through the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Brachial plexus

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3
Q

Why would a stab wound to the posterior triangle of the neck possibly lead to breathlessness and paralysis of the upper limb?

A
  • Could stab apex of lung (»pneumothorax)

- may damage upper trunk of brachial plexus

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4
Q

The accessory nerve courses posteroinferiorly through the posterior triangle of the neck, which 2 muscles are supplied by this nerve?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

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5
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Midline of neck
Ant SCM
Inf mandible

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6
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence?

A

Prominence in midline of thyroid cartilage

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7
Q

Is the hyoid bone inferior or superior to the thyroid cartilage?

A

Superior

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8
Q

What are the 3 parts of the thryoid gland?

A

Right lobe
Left lobe
Isthmus

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9
Q

Can the thyroid gland be palpated?

A

No - deep to muscle

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10
Q

Which muscle does the external jugular vein run over in the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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11
Q

What are the surface markings of the external jugular vein?

A

Pierces deep fascia 4cm along line from mid clavicle to angle of mandible

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12
Q

Which muscles lie deep to the omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles?

A

Sternothyroid & thyrohyoid

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13
Q

What is the function of the sternohyoid muscle/

A

Depresses hyoid bone after swallowing

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14
Q

What is the function of the omohyoid muscle?

A

Depresses & fixes hyoid bone

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15
Q

What is the nerve supply to the sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles

A

Ant rami C1-3 (through ansa cervicalis)

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16
Q

Where does the sternohyoid muscle run between?

A

From sternum to hyoid bone

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17
Q

Where does the sternothyroid muscle run between?

A

From sternum to thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

Where does the thyrohyoid muscle run between?

A

From thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone

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19
Q

Where does the cricothyroid membrane run between?

A

Between thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

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20
Q

Where does the cricoid cartilage lie?

A

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?

A

Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

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22
Q

What are the attachments of the 2 bellies of the digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly origin = digastric fossa on lower mandible
Posterior belly origin = mastoid notch on med mastoid process (temporal bone)

Common Insertion = hyoid bone

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23
Q

What is the function of the 2 bellies of the digastric muscle?

A 
Anterior = opens mouth (lower mandible & raises hyoid bone)
Posterior = pulls hyoid bone sup&post
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24
Q

What is the carotid sheath?

A

Fascia binding carotid artery, internal jugular vein & vagus nerve

25
Q

What does the carotid sheath contain in the upper neck?

A

Internal carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Last 4 cranial nerves

26
Q

From which nerves do the roots of the ansa cervicalis take origin?

A

Superior roots; C1&2

Inferior roots; C2&3

27
Q

At which vertebral level does the carotid bifurcation lie?

A

Between C3 & C4

28
Q

Where would you palpate to locate the common carotid pulse?

A

Lat to upper border of thyroid cartilage

Med to ant border of SCM

29
Q

What are the 4 major anterior branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Maxillary artery
Facial artery
Lingual artery
Sup thyroid artery

30
Q

Where does phonation begin?

A

Larynx

31
Q

Other than phonation what is the other function of the larynx?

A

Prevents choking - caps lower respiratory tract

32
Q

How are sound waves produced by the larynx?

A

Vibration of vocal cords - folds adducted to obstruct air

  • pressure build, forcing folds apart
  • rapid repetition
33
Q

How is pitch altered?

A

Altering length and tension of vocal folds (intrinsic muscles of larynx)

34
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, how does the nerve supply of the cricothyroid differ from the others?

A

Vagus nerve

-Cricothyroid supplied by external laryngeal nerve, all others by recurrent laryngeal branch

35
Q

What is the loudness of sound produced by the larynx related to?

A

Pressure of expired air

36
Q

What does quality/timbre of voice depend on?

A

Resonating chambers above vocal cords

37
Q

What is articulation and what parts of the body are responsible for it?

A

Breaking sounds into recognisable vowels/consonants

-tongue and lips

38
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies muscles that move lips?

A

Facial (VII)

39
Q

Which cranial nerves supply muscles responsible for the movements of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

40
Q

Which nerve supplies sensory fibres to the larynx?

A

Vagus (X)

41
Q

The superior laryngeal nerve and its external laryngeal branch lie close to which artery?

A

Superior thyroid artery (branch of external carotid)

42
Q

Where does the external laryngeal nerve enter the larynx?

A

Descend along lat pharynx

-end by supplying cricothyroid muscle

43
Q

What does the internal laryngeal nerve supply?

A

Sensory to laryngeal cavity

44
Q

Where dies the left laryngeal nerve arise?

A

Thorax (at level of aortic arch)

45
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is closely related to which artery?

A

Inf thyroid artery

46
Q

Which other cranial nerves pass out of the skull alongside the vagus nerve

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Accessory (XI)
-through jugular foramen

47
Q

Which 4 branches come off anterior from the vagus nerve in the neck region?

A

Superior to inferior:

  • Pharyngeal branch
  • Carotid body branch
  • Sup laryngeal nerve
  • Cardiac branch
48
Q

Which group of muscles is involved in the first stage of swallowing?

A

Suprahyoid

49
Q

What is the nerve supply of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Stylohyoid - facial nerve (VII)
Mylohyoid - Trigeminal nerve (V)
Digastric anterior belly - Trigeminal nerve (V)
Digastric posterior belly - Facial (VII)
Geniohyoid - C1 roots with hypoglossal (XII)

50
Q

After the first stage of swallowing the remaining stages are involuntary controlled by a series of reflexes involving which cranial nerves?

A

IX, X, XI

51
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies sensory fibres to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue ad the oropharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal (XII)

52
Q

When a bolus of food comes into contact with the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and the oropharynx the hyoid bone is pulled upwards and forwards, and with it the larynx and the root of the tongue, what are the effects of these movements?

A

Opens layngopharynx & tilts epiglottis down over laryngeal inlet

53
Q

Other than the epiglottis, which other structures help to close the laryngeal inlet during swallowing?

A

Aryepiglottic folds

54
Q

What muscles contract to move a bolus into oesophagus?

A

Circular constrictor muscles (pharynx)

55
Q

Virtually all the muscles of the pharynx and the soft palate receive their nerve supply via what plexus?

A

Pharyngeal plexus

56
Q

What is the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Network of nerves in pharyngeal wall

57
Q

What 3 nerves form the pharyngeal plexus?

A
  • Pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
  • Autonomic fibres
58
Q

The pharyngeal fibres of cranial nerves IX & X arise very close to what?

A

Base of skull

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