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3) Forebrain, ventricles & CSF Flashcards

1
Q

At what level do the internal carotids branch off the common carotids?

A

C3 (at carotid sinus)

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2
Q

How does the internal carotid course to the brain?

A

Branches off common carotid
»carotid canal (post to ext carotid)
» through cavernous sinus
»emerges inf to optic nerves on ventral brain

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3
Q

Which artery does the posterior system in the brain come off?

A

Vertebral arteries

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4
Q

Which artery does the anterior system in the brain come off?

A

Internal carotid arteries

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5
Q

Which sulcus does the middle cerebral artery run in?

A

Lateral sulcus

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6
Q

What is the course of the anterior cerebral once it has come off the middle cerebral?

A

Goes to longditudinal fissure, then loops posteriorly to&raquo_space; med & sup of frontal and parietal lobes

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7
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Med and sup frontal & parietal lobes

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8
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lat hemispheres

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9
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Occipital lobe and lower temporal lobe

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10
Q

What artery does the posterior spinal arteries branch off and where do they run?

A

Post inf cerebellar arteries

-run along post spinal cord

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11
Q

What are the 2 main sections of the skull?

A

Cranium

Mandible

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12
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cranium (skull)?

A

Viscerocranium

Neurocranium

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13
Q

In which bone is the foramen magnum?

A

Occipital bone

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14
Q

Which bone is the opening of the carotid canal in?

A

Temporal bone

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15
Q

Which bone contributes to the hard palate?

A

Maxilla

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16
Q

What are the cranial fossae?

A

3 regions at the cranial base (ant/mid/post)

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17
Q

What are the 3 foramen found in the sphenoid bone in the cranial base?

A
  • Foramen rotundum (ant)
  • Foramen ovale (post/med)
  • Foramen spinosum (post/lat)
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18
Q

What parts of the nasal cavity does the ethmoid bone contribute to?

A

Roof, lateral walls and medial wall

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19
Q

What is the cribiform plate?

A

Part of ethmoid bone - nasal nerves pass through holes

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20
Q

What is the most common joint in the skull?

A

Suture

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21
Q

How many layers make up a suture and what is the rough structure?

A

5 layers

- osteogenic layer covered by periosteum

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22
Q

How are sutures important for cranial growth?

A

Growth at bone edges

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23
Q

When does ossification of cranial sutures occur?

A

20s (very variable though)

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24
Q

On which surface does ossification of sutures first begin (deep or superficial) and which suture tends to be affected first?

A

Deep surface

-Sagittal suture affected first

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25
What is craniosynostosis, and what does it lead to?
Premature sutural fusion | - small brain, raised intercranial pressure, cognitive defects
26
Through what foramen in what bone does the middle meningeal artery pass into the cranial cavity?
Foramen spinosum in sphenoid bone
27
What is the pterion and why is it clinically significant?
Weak site on temporal bone where 3 sutures meet (H). | -Mid meningeal artery runs medial; damage >> extradural haemorrhage
28
What are the 2 main parts of the mandible?
Ramus and body
29
What 2 processes are on the ramus of the mandible?
``` Condylar process (post) Coronoid process (ant) ```
30
Which 2 bones make up the temporomandibular joint?
``` Condylar process (ramus) Temporal bone ```
31
In which direction do mandibles dislocate?
Anteriorly
32
What are the 4 sinuses in the skull?
- frontal - maxillary - sphenoid - ethmoid
33
The pituitary gland lies superior to which sinus?
Sphenoid sinus
34
How is a pituitary tumour removed?
Transphenoidal - through nasal cavity
35
What are the 3 le fort fractures?
- Maxilla separated - Maxilla & nasal area separated - Whole viscerocranium separated
36
What are 3 functions of the brainstem?
- CONDUIT (pathway for ascending and descending fibres to thalamus and cerebellum) - INTEGRATIVE (respiratory and cardiovascular centres) - CRANIAL NERVES (origin site)
37
What lies in the gap between the 2 thalami?
3rd ventricle
38
What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?
3rd and 4th ventricles
39
What is the brainstem continuous with rostrally?
Diencephalon
40
How many cranial nerves originate in the brainstem?
10
41
Which 2 cranial nerves do not arise from the brainstem and where do they arise from?
Olfactory (I) and Optic (II) | -arise from forebrain
42
What main structures are visible on the ventral surface of the medulla?
Pyramids and olives
43
What separates the 2 pyramids?
Anterior median fissure
44
What is the decussation of the pyramids?
Crossing over fibres to ipsilateral side
45
What do pyramids contain?
Corticospinal tracts - descending motor fibres
46
What is the name of the sulcus separating the pyramids from the olives?
Anterolateral sulcus
47
What sulcus emerges dorsal to the olives?
Posterolateral sulcus
48
What cranial nerve emerges from the anterolateral sulcus?
Hypoglossal (XII)
49
Which cranial nerves emerge from the posterolateral sulcus?
Vagus (X) | Glossopharyngeal (IX)
50
What is the space between the 2 cerebral peduncles called?
Interpeduncular fossa
51
Which cranial nerve emerges from the interpeduncular fossa?
Occulomotor (III)
52
Which artery forms at the level of the pontomedullary sulcus?
Basillar artery
53
What structures can be seen if the cerebellum is removed on the dorsal surface of the brain stem?
- Sup & inf colliculi - Floor of 4th ventricle - Cerebellar peduncles - Gracile fascicle & tubercle - Cuneate fascicle & tubercle
54
What 2 parts does the 4th ventricle divide the medulla into?
Open (rostrally) and closed (caudally) NB. closed has a central canal
55
What is the anatomical name for the floor of the 4th ventricle?
Rhomboid fossa
56
What is contained in the fascicles and the tubercles?
Fascicles - nerve axons | Tubercles - cell bodies
57
What information is generally carried in the cuneate and gracile fascicles?
Sensory information from body to brain | part of dorsal column pathway
58
What is the superior colliculus involved in?
Vision
59
What is the inferior colliculus involved in?
Hearing
60
What is meant by tract/fascicle/lemniscus/peduncle?
Bundle of white matter
61
What is the name of a collection of cell bodies in the CNS? And the PNS?
``` CNS = nucleus PNS = ganglion ```
62
The cerebrum passes information to the cerebellum via which cerebellar peduncle?
Middle cerebellar peduncle
63
Information from the spinal cord passes to the cerebellum via which cerebellar peduncle?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
64
Information is passed from the cerebellum to the cerebrum via which cerebellar peduncle?
Superior cerebellar peduncle
65
is passed from the cerebellum to the cerebrum via which cerebellar peduncle?
``` Trochlear nerve (IV) - SO eye muscle ```
66
What are the caudal and rostral relations of the pons?
Caudally - medulla | Rostrally - midbrain
67
What is the midline groove on the ventral pons for?
Basillar artery
68
Where does the trigeminal nerve emerge?
Mid pontine level
69
Which nerve emerges from the pontomedullary junction?
Abducens (VI)
70
Which 2 nerves emerge from the cerebellopontine angle?
Facial (VII) and Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
71
What is the main feature of the pons when the brainstem is viewed from a dorsal view?
Cerebellar peduncles
72
What forms the roof of the 4th ventricle?
Superior cerebellar peduncle
73
What is the basis pedunculi?
Cerebral peduncle
74
Which nerve emerges inferior to the inferior colliculi?
Trochlear nerve (IV)
75
Which structure does the cerbral aquaduct run through?
Midbrain
76
What is the tectum and where is it found?
Made up of inferior and superior colliculi at midbrain level. Posterior to ventricular system.
77
What forms the roof of the cerebral aqueduct?
Tectum
78
Where does the tegmentum lie?
Anterior to ventricular system | - at level of midbrain, pons and medulla
79
What is contained within the tegmentum?
Cranial nerve nuclei and tracts
80
Where can the red nucleus and the substantia nigra be found?
Tegmentum
81
What does the basal part of the brainstem contain?
Descending fibres from cerebral cortex
82
When the brainstem is viewed at the level of the pons what are the main structures that can be seen?
- 4th ventricle - middle cerebellar peduncle - basal pons - groove for basillar artery
83
Where does the reticular formation lie?
In the tegmentum
84
What is the reticular formation?
Complex, multisynaptic network of neurons
85
What 3 things does the reticular formation include?
- Reticular nuclei - Autonomic centres - Cells >> ascending reticular activating system (consciousness)
86
What is the reticular formation involved in?
- consciousness - autonomic centres - modulating pain - sleep wake cycle - arousal
87
What is the basal pons?
Anterior portion of pons
88
What are the structures at which the cuneate and gracile fascicle terminate called?
Cuneate and gracile tubercles
89
What is the shape of the cut inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Crescent
90
What is the name of the apex of the cerebellum on its superior surface?
Vermis
91
What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum and from which surface can they be seen?
Anr/mid/post lobes | -superior surface
92
What do the bulbs of the olfactory nerves sit on?
Cribriform plate
93
What information is carried in the nerve fibres that make up the pyramids?
Motor, involved in voluntary movements
94
Where does the median sulcus/median longitudinal fissure lie?
Midline in the floor of the 4th ventricle
95
In which region of the brainstem is the central canal expanded to form the fourth ventricle?
Rostral medulla and pons
96
What structure sits on the roof of the 4th ventricle?
Cerebellum

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