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3) Forebrain, ventricles & CSF Flashcards

1
Q

At what level do the internal carotids branch off the common carotids?

A

C3 (at carotid sinus)

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2
Q

How does the internal carotid course to the brain?

A

Branches off common carotid
»carotid canal (post to ext carotid)
» through cavernous sinus
»emerges inf to optic nerves on ventral brain

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3
Q

Which artery does the posterior system in the brain come off?

A

Vertebral arteries

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4
Q

Which artery does the anterior system in the brain come off?

A

Internal carotid arteries

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5
Q

Which sulcus does the middle cerebral artery run in?

A

Lateral sulcus

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6
Q

What is the course of the anterior cerebral once it has come off the middle cerebral?

A

Goes to longditudinal fissure, then loops posteriorly to&raquo_space; med & sup of frontal and parietal lobes

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7
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Med and sup frontal & parietal lobes

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8
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lat hemispheres

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9
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Occipital lobe and lower temporal lobe

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10
Q

What artery does the posterior spinal arteries branch off and where do they run?

A

Post inf cerebellar arteries

-run along post spinal cord

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11
Q

What are the 2 main sections of the skull?

A

Cranium

Mandible

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12
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cranium (skull)?

A

Viscerocranium

Neurocranium

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13
Q

In which bone is the foramen magnum?

A

Occipital bone

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14
Q

Which bone is the opening of the carotid canal in?

A

Temporal bone

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15
Q

Which bone contributes to the hard palate?

A

Maxilla

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16
Q

What are the cranial fossae?

A

3 regions at the cranial base (ant/mid/post)

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17
Q

What are the 3 foramen found in the sphenoid bone in the cranial base?

A
  • Foramen rotundum (ant)
  • Foramen ovale (post/med)
  • Foramen spinosum (post/lat)
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18
Q

What parts of the nasal cavity does the ethmoid bone contribute to?

A

Roof, lateral walls and medial wall

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19
Q

What is the cribiform plate?

A

Part of ethmoid bone - nasal nerves pass through holes

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20
Q

What is the most common joint in the skull?

A

Suture

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21
Q

How many layers make up a suture and what is the rough structure?

A

5 layers

- osteogenic layer covered by periosteum

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22
Q

How are sutures important for cranial growth?

A

Growth at bone edges

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23
Q

When does ossification of cranial sutures occur?

A

20s (very variable though)

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24
Q

On which surface does ossification of sutures first begin (deep or superficial) and which suture tends to be affected first?

A

Deep surface

-Sagittal suture affected first

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25
Q

What is craniosynostosis, and what does it lead to?

A

Premature sutural fusion

- small brain, raised intercranial pressure, cognitive defects

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26
Q

Through what foramen in what bone does the middle meningeal artery pass into the cranial cavity?

A

Foramen spinosum in sphenoid bone

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27
Q

What is the pterion and why is it clinically significant?

A

Weak site on temporal bone where 3 sutures meet (H).

-Mid meningeal artery runs medial; damage&raquo_space; extradural haemorrhage

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28
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the mandible?

A

Ramus and body

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29
Q

What 2 processes are on the ramus of the mandible?

A 
Condylar process (post)
Coronoid process (ant)
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30
Q

Which 2 bones make up the temporomandibular joint?

A 
Condylar process (ramus)
Temporal bone
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31
Q

In which direction do mandibles dislocate?

A

Anteriorly

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32
Q

What are the 4 sinuses in the skull?

A
  • frontal
  • maxillary
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
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33
Q

The pituitary gland lies superior to which sinus?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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34
Q

How is a pituitary tumour removed?

A

Transphenoidal - through nasal cavity

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35
Q

What are the 3 le fort fractures?

A
  • Maxilla separated
  • Maxilla & nasal area separated
  • Whole viscerocranium separated
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36
Q

What are 3 functions of the brainstem?

A
  • CONDUIT (pathway for ascending and descending fibres to thalamus and cerebellum)
  • INTEGRATIVE (respiratory and cardiovascular centres)
  • CRANIAL NERVES (origin site)
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37
Q

What lies in the gap between the 2 thalami?

A

3rd ventricle

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38
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

A

3rd and 4th ventricles

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39
Q

What is the brainstem continuous with rostrally?

A

Diencephalon

40
Q

How many cranial nerves originate in the brainstem?

A

10

41
Q

Which 2 cranial nerves do not arise from the brainstem and where do they arise from?

A

Olfactory (I) and Optic (II)

-arise from forebrain

42
Q

What main structures are visible on the ventral surface of the medulla?

A

Pyramids and olives

43
Q

What separates the 2 pyramids?

A

Anterior median fissure

44
Q

What is the decussation of the pyramids?

A

Crossing over fibres to ipsilateral side

45
Q

What do pyramids contain?

A

Corticospinal tracts - descending motor fibres

46
Q

What is the name of the sulcus separating the pyramids from the olives?

A

Anterolateral sulcus

47
Q

What sulcus emerges dorsal to the olives?

A

Posterolateral sulcus

48
Q

What cranial nerve emerges from the anterolateral sulcus?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

49
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the posterolateral sulcus?

A

Vagus (X)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

50
Q

What is the space between the 2 cerebral peduncles called?

A

Interpeduncular fossa

51
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges from the interpeduncular fossa?

A

Occulomotor (III)

52
Q

Which artery forms at the level of the pontomedullary sulcus?

A

Basillar artery

53
Q

What structures can be seen if the cerebellum is removed on the dorsal surface of the brain stem?

A
  • Sup & inf colliculi
  • Floor of 4th ventricle
  • Cerebellar peduncles
  • Gracile fascicle & tubercle
  • Cuneate fascicle & tubercle
54
Q

What 2 parts does the 4th ventricle divide the medulla into?

A

Open (rostrally) and closed (caudally)

NB. closed has a central canal

55
Q

What is the anatomical name for the floor of the 4th ventricle?

A

Rhomboid fossa

56
Q

What is contained in the fascicles and the tubercles?

A

Fascicles - nerve axons

Tubercles - cell bodies

57
Q

What information is generally carried in the cuneate and gracile fascicles?

A

Sensory information from body to brain

part of dorsal column pathway

58
Q

What is the superior colliculus involved in?

A

Vision

59
Q

What is the inferior colliculus involved in?

A

Hearing

60
Q

What is meant by tract/fascicle/lemniscus/peduncle?

A

Bundle of white matter

61
Q

What is the name of a collection of cell bodies in the CNS? And the PNS?

A 
CNS = nucleus
PNS = ganglion
62
Q

The cerebrum passes information to the cerebellum via which cerebellar peduncle?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

63
Q

Information from the spinal cord passes to the cerebellum via which cerebellar peduncle?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

64
Q

Information is passed from the cerebellum to the cerebrum via which cerebellar peduncle?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

65
Q

is passed from the cerebellum to the cerebrum via which cerebellar peduncle?

A 
Trochlear nerve (IV)
- SO eye muscle
66
Q

What are the caudal and rostral relations of the pons?

A

Caudally - medulla

Rostrally - midbrain

67
Q

What is the midline groove on the ventral pons for?

A

Basillar artery

68
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve emerge?

A

Mid pontine level

69
Q

Which nerve emerges from the pontomedullary junction?

A

Abducens (VI)

70
Q

Which 2 nerves emerge from the cerebellopontine angle?

A

Facial (VII) and Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

71
Q

What is the main feature of the pons when the brainstem is viewed from a dorsal view?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

72
Q

What forms the roof of the 4th ventricle?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

73
Q

What is the basis pedunculi?

A

Cerebral peduncle

74
Q

Which nerve emerges inferior to the inferior colliculi?

A

Trochlear nerve (IV)

75
Q

Which structure does the cerbral aquaduct run through?

A

Midbrain

76
Q

What is the tectum and where is it found?

A

Made up of inferior and superior colliculi at midbrain level. Posterior to ventricular system.

77
Q

What forms the roof of the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Tectum

78
Q

Where does the tegmentum lie?

A

Anterior to ventricular system

- at level of midbrain, pons and medulla

79
Q

What is contained within the tegmentum?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei and tracts

80
Q

Where can the red nucleus and the substantia nigra be found?

A

Tegmentum

81
Q

What does the basal part of the brainstem contain?

A

Descending fibres from cerebral cortex

82
Q

When the brainstem is viewed at the level of the pons what are the main structures that can be seen?

A
  • 4th ventricle
  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • basal pons
  • groove for basillar artery
83
Q

Where does the reticular formation lie?

A

In the tegmentum

84
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Complex, multisynaptic network of neurons

85
Q

What 3 things does the reticular formation include?

A
  • Reticular nuclei
  • Autonomic centres
  • Cells&raquo_space; ascending reticular activating system (consciousness)
86
Q

What is the reticular formation involved in?

A
  • consciousness
  • autonomic centres
  • modulating pain
  • sleep wake cycle
  • arousal
87
Q

What is the basal pons?

A

Anterior portion of pons

88
Q

What are the structures at which the cuneate and gracile fascicle terminate called?

A

Cuneate and gracile tubercles

89
Q

What is the shape of the cut inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Crescent

90
Q

What is the name of the apex of the cerebellum on its superior surface?

A

Vermis

91
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum and from which surface can they be seen?

A

Anr/mid/post lobes

-superior surface

92
Q

What do the bulbs of the olfactory nerves sit on?

A

Cribriform plate

93
Q

What information is carried in the nerve fibres that make up the pyramids?

A

Motor, involved in voluntary movements

94
Q

Where does the median sulcus/median longitudinal fissure lie?

A

Midline in the floor of the 4th ventricle

95
Q

In which region of the brainstem is the central canal expanded to form the fourth ventricle?

A

Rostral medulla and pons

96
Q

What structure sits on the roof of the 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebellum

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