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Control > 2) Brainstem and cranial nerves > Flashcards

2) Brainstem and cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by rostral?

A

Position in relation to nose (closer = more rostral)

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2
Q

What is the cephalic flexure and what is the angle?

A

Bend between midbrain and diencephalon

-100*

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3
Q

In situ which side is the dorsal surface of the brain?

A

Superior surface

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4
Q

Which 3 parts make up the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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5
Q

Roughly where do the coronal and sagittal sutures lie?

A

Coronal - across the front

Sagittal - down the middle

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6
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Cell bodies (makes up cerebral cortex)

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7
Q

What is white matter?

A

Nerve axons

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8
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer layer of brain

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9
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundles of nerve axons

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10
Q

Which subdivisions of the brain make up the forebrain or cerebrum?

A

2 cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

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11
Q

Which subdivisions of the brain make up the brain stem?

A

Medulla
Pon
Midbrain

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12
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Band of nerve fibres joining the 2 hemispheres

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13
Q

What is the function of the pre central gyrus?

A

1* motor cortex

  • all motor axons originate here
  • responsible for movement to opposite side of body
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14
Q

What is the function of the post central gyrus?

A

1* sensory cortex

- all conscious sensation goes here

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15
Q

Is the optic nerve part of the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS - comes from brain

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16
Q

Are peduncles white or grey matter structure?

A

Cerebellar peduncles = white matter

Cerebral peduncles = white & grey matter

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17
Q

What is the dural septum that separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri

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18
Q

What dural septum extends between the occipital lobes and cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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19
Q

What is the function of the dural septae?

A

Restrict rotatory displacement of brain

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20
Q

Which dural sinuses run along the attachment of these 2 dural septae to the skull?

A

1) Superior sagittal sinus (falx cerebri)

2) Right and left transverse sinus (tentorium cerebelli)

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21
Q

What is the function of arachnoid villi?

A

Form granulations which absorb CSF from subarachnoid space&raquo_space; subdural space&raquo_space; blood

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22
Q

Which vessel provides the arterial supply to the dura mater?

A

Middle meningeal artery

NB. injury&raquo_space; epidural haematoma

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23
Q

Which blood vessels provide the arterial blood supply to the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries

Internal carotid arteries

24
Q

Which arteries contribute to the circle of Willis?

A 
Posterior cerebral
Posterior communicating
Internal carotid
Anterior cerebral
Anterior communicating
25
Q

Other than the cerebellar arteries what other 2 arteries come off the basillar and what do they supply?

A

Pontine arteries - pons

Labyrinthine - inner ear

26
Q

What are the penetrating arterial branches that arise from the circle of Willis and pass into the substance of the brain often referred to?

A

Central / perforating arteries

27
Q

What are penetrating arterial branches that arise from the middle cerebral arteries and pass into the substance of the brain often referred to?

A

Striate arteries

28
Q

What do the striate arteries supply?

A

Internal capsule and adjacent basal ganglia

29
Q

Where do the majority of superficial veins drain? Where does this drain?

A 
Superior sagittal sinus
>>confluence of sinuses
>> transverse sinuses
>> sigmoid sinus
>> internal jugular vein
30
Q

Where does the great cerebral vein emerge in the brain?

A

Below posterior corpus callosum

31
Q

Where do deep veins drain?

A 
Internal cerebral veins
>> great cerebral vein
>> straight sinus
>> confluence of sinuses 
>> transverse sinuses
>> sigmoid sinus
>> internal jugular vein
32
Q

What is a berry aneurysm?

A

Swelling at the branching part of an artery under the brain especially at the circle of willis.
Often causes fatal sub arachnoid haemorrhage

33
Q

Is the corpus callosum made up of grey or white matter?

A

White matter

34
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Small area connecting forebrain and hindbrain

35
Q

What makes up the midbrain?

A

Tectum (rear)

Tegmentum (ant)

36
Q

What is the tectum made of?

A

2 pairs of swellings;

  • sup colliculi
  • inf colliculi
37
Q

What reflexes are the superior colliculi involved in?

A

Visual reflexes

38
Q

What reflexes are the inferior colliculi involved in?

A

Auditory reflexes

39
Q

What are the 3 regions of the tegmentum?

A

Red nucleus
Periaqueductal gray
Substantia nigra

40
Q

What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?

A

On either side of midbrain - connect hindbrain and forebrain

41
Q

Where is Broca’s area and what is its function?

A

Lower frontal lobe

Motor area of speech

42
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located and what is its function?

A

Left temporal lobe

Understanding of speech

43
Q

On which cerebral hemisphere does language function tend to be

A

Left

44
Q

How are the 2 thalamus connected?

A

Interthalamic adhesion

45
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Pituitary stalk

46
Q

What gyri are located on the temporal lobe?

A

Sup/mid/inf gyri

47
Q

What system does the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe have a role in?

A

Auditory system

48
Q

Where is the calcarine sulcus located and what does it have a role in?

A

Occipital lobe

- visual sense

49
Q

How many layers of dura mater can be found in the brain and how many can be found around the spinal cord?

A

2 in brain

1 in spinal cord

50
Q

Subdural haemorrhage is usually do to a break in what?

A

Veins and venous plexuses

51
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

Choroid plexus (lat&3rd&4th ventricles)

52
Q

How does CSF exit into the subarachnoid space?

A

4th ventricle

53
Q

What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles and what do they connect?

A

SUPERIOR - cerebellum to midbrain
MIDDLE - cerebellum to pons
INFERIOR - cerebellum to medulla

54
Q

What is the basis pedunculi?

A

Another name for crus cerebri/cerebral peduncles

55
Q

What are the crus cerebri?

A

2 large columns of descending fibres continuous rostrally with internal capsule

  • consist of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres
  • primarily motor in function
56
Q

What separates the crus cerebri from the tegmentum of the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

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