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Immunology > 5: Cytokines and Chemokines > Flashcards

5: Cytokines and Chemokines Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokines

A

small soluble proteins that regulate and mediate host immune responses via direct action on cells

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2
Q

What are the 3 actions of cytokines?

A
  1. Endocrine- acts on distant cell
  2. Paracrine- acts on neighboring cell
  3. Autocrine- acts on cell that secreted the cytokine
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3
Q

T/F: Cytokines are antigen-specific

A

F

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4
Q

T/F: Most cytokines are pleiotropic

A

T

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5
Q

JAK-Stat phosphorylation

A

a signal pathway that is common for many cytokine receptors

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6
Q

JAK

A

Janus kinase

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7
Q

What is the suffix of kinase inhibitor drugs?

A

-tinib

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8
Q

Tyrosine phosphorylation

A

involved in many chronic diseases and cancers (many drugs try to inhibit this reaction)

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9
Q

What does Apoquel inhibit?

A

Janus kinase-1 function, which inhibits response to and production of cytokines

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10
Q

What are the two types of interferons?

A
  1. Type I: IFN-alpha/beta
  2. Type II: IFN-gamma
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11
Q

IFN-alpha/beta

A

involved in anti-viral activity, NK activation, and upregulating MHC class I

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12
Q

IFN-gamma

A

most potent activator of macrophage immune function

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13
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

promote the terminal differentiation of omnipotent or polypotent progenitor cells

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14
Q

Macrophage CSF

A

CSF in monocytes/macrophages

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15
Q

GM-CSF

A

CSF in macrophages or granulocytes

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16
Q

IL-7

A

produces by stromal cells in the bone marrow or spleen; proliferation of lymphoid progenitors

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17
Q

What are the 3 main proinflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha

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18
Q

IL-1

A

regulates the host inflammatory response

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19
Q

What cells produce IL-1?

A

activated macrophages and epithelial cells

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20
Q

What are the two forms of IL-1?

A

IL-1aplha
IL-1beta

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21
Q

What does IL-1 do to hepatocytes?

A

acute phase protein expression

22
Q

What does IL-1 do to vascular endothelia?

A

adhesion molecule expression and IFN-alpha/beta synthesis

23
Q

What does IL-1 do to the central nervous system?

A

fever induction and sleepiness

24
Q

What produces IL-2?

A

activated TH1

25
What does IL-2 do?
causes autocrine proliferation of T cells
26
What cells produce IL-6?
activated macrophages, T cells, fibroblasts, and stromal cells of bone marrow
27
What does IL-6 do?
induces acute phase protein expression by hepatocytes and causes fever
28
What does IL-6 do to the liver?
acute phase reactant production
29
What does IL-6 do to the hypothalamus?
causes fever
30
What does IL-6 do to B cells?
plasma cell maturation and isotype switching
31
What does IL-12 do?
influences differentiation of naive T cells toward Th1 pathway and activates NK cells to secrete IFN-gamma
32
What cells produce IL-12?
dendritic cells and macrophages
33
What does IL-17 do?
Activates neutrophils and is helpful against extracellular bacteria
34
What is the most important cytokine?
tumor necrosis factor
35
What is tumor necrosis factor?
the principal mediator of endotoxic shock
36
What cells produce tumor necrosis factor?
activated macrophages and NK cells
37
What does tumor necrosis factor do?
cell killing, acute phase reactant expression, elicits fever, induces cytokine cascades, and activates vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression
38
What does TNF do to tumor cells?
cytolysis
39
What does TNF do to endothelial cells?
IL-1 expression and adhesion molecule expression
40
What does TNF do to hepatocytes?
increased catabolism, acute phase protein expression and proliferation
41
What does TNF do to macrophages?
decreased proliferation, terminal differentiation, increased phagocytosis, reactive oxygen products, adhesion molecule expression, IL-1 production, IL-6 production, IL-12 production and GM-CSF secretion
42
Cachectin
a protein that is a mediator for weight loss in chronic inflammation
43
What is the major cytokine responsible for septic shock?
TNF-alpha
44
What are the major pro-inflammatory cytokines?
IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha
45
What are the major anti-inflammatory cytokines?
IL-4, IL-10, TGF-beta
46
What cells produce IL-4 and IL-10?
Th2
47
What does IL-4 do to T cells?
promotes growth of Th2 cells, production of Th2 cytokines, inhibition of Th1 differentiation
48
What do IL-4 and IL-10 do to macrophages?
inhibits activation
49
What does IL-10 do to T cells?
inhibition of Th1 differentiation
50
What does TGF-beta1 do?
inhibits secretion of TNF-alpha and drives Treg cell development
51
What are chemokines?
small cytokines that regulate the migration of immune cells into inflammatory loci

Immunology (16 decks)

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