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Immunology > 5: Cytokines and Chemokines > Flashcards

5: Cytokines and Chemokines Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokines

A

small soluble proteins that regulate and mediate host immune responses via direct action on cells

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2
Q

What are the 3 actions of cytokines?

A
  1. Endocrine- acts on distant cell
  2. Paracrine- acts on neighboring cell
  3. Autocrine- acts on cell that secreted the cytokine
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3
Q

T/F: Cytokines are antigen-specific

A

F

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4
Q

T/F: Most cytokines are pleiotropic

A

T

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5
Q

JAK-Stat phosphorylation

A

a signal pathway that is common for many cytokine receptors

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6
Q

JAK

A

Janus kinase

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7
Q

What is the suffix of kinase inhibitor drugs?

A

-tinib

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8
Q

Tyrosine phosphorylation

A

involved in many chronic diseases and cancers (many drugs try to inhibit this reaction)

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9
Q

What does Apoquel inhibit?

A

Janus kinase-1 function, which inhibits response to and production of cytokines

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10
Q

What are the two types of interferons?

A
  1. Type I: IFN-alpha/beta
  2. Type II: IFN-gamma
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11
Q

IFN-alpha/beta

A

involved in anti-viral activity, NK activation, and upregulating MHC class I

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12
Q

IFN-gamma

A

most potent activator of macrophage immune function

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13
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

promote the terminal differentiation of omnipotent or polypotent progenitor cells

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14
Q

Macrophage CSF

A

CSF in monocytes/macrophages

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15
Q

GM-CSF

A

CSF in macrophages or granulocytes

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16
Q

IL-7

A

produces by stromal cells in the bone marrow or spleen; proliferation of lymphoid progenitors

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17
Q

What are the 3 main proinflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha

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18
Q

IL-1

A

regulates the host inflammatory response

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19
Q

What cells produce IL-1?

A

activated macrophages and epithelial cells

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20
Q

What are the two forms of IL-1?

A

IL-1aplha
IL-1beta

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21
Q

What does IL-1 do to hepatocytes?

A

acute phase protein expression

22
Q

What does IL-1 do to vascular endothelia?

A

adhesion molecule expression and IFN-alpha/beta synthesis

23
Q

What does IL-1 do to the central nervous system?

A

fever induction and sleepiness

24
Q

What produces IL-2?

A

activated TH1

25
Q

What does IL-2 do?

A

causes autocrine proliferation of T cells

26
Q

What cells produce IL-6?

A

activated macrophages, T cells, fibroblasts, and stromal cells of bone marrow

27
Q

What does IL-6 do?

A

induces acute phase protein expression by hepatocytes and causes fever

28
Q

What does IL-6 do to the liver?

A

acute phase reactant production

29
Q

What does IL-6 do to the hypothalamus?

A

causes fever

30
Q

What does IL-6 do to B cells?

A

plasma cell maturation and isotype switching

31
Q

What does IL-12 do?

A

influences differentiation of naive T cells toward Th1 pathway and activates NK cells to secrete IFN-gamma

32
Q

What cells produce IL-12?

A

dendritic cells and macrophages

33
Q

What does IL-17 do?

A

Activates neutrophils and is helpful against extracellular bacteria

34
Q

What is the most important cytokine?

A

tumor necrosis factor

35
Q

What is tumor necrosis factor?

A

the principal mediator of endotoxic shock

36
Q

What cells produce tumor necrosis factor?

A

activated macrophages and NK cells

37
Q

What does tumor necrosis factor do?

A

cell killing, acute phase reactant expression, elicits fever, induces cytokine cascades, and activates vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression

38
Q

What does TNF do to tumor cells?

A

cytolysis

39
Q

What does TNF do to endothelial cells?

A

IL-1 expression and adhesion molecule expression

40
Q

What does TNF do to hepatocytes?

A

increased catabolism, acute phase protein expression and proliferation

41
Q

What does TNF do to macrophages?

A

decreased proliferation, terminal differentiation, increased phagocytosis, reactive oxygen products, adhesion molecule expression, IL-1 production, IL-6 production, IL-12 production and GM-CSF secretion

42
Q

Cachectin

A

a protein that is a mediator for weight loss in chronic inflammation

43
Q

What is the major cytokine responsible for septic shock?

A

TNF-alpha

44
Q

What are the major pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha

45
Q

What are the major anti-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-4, IL-10, TGF-beta

46
Q

What cells produce IL-4 and IL-10?

A

Th2

47
Q

What does IL-4 do to T cells?

A

promotes growth of Th2 cells, production of Th2 cytokines, inhibition of Th1 differentiation

48
Q

What do IL-4 and IL-10 do to macrophages?

A

inhibits activation

49
Q

What does IL-10 do to T cells?

A

inhibition of Th1 differentiation

50
Q

What does TGF-beta1 do?

A

inhibits secretion of TNF-alpha and drives Treg cell development

51
Q

What are chemokines?

A

small cytokines that regulate the migration of immune cells into inflammatory loci

Immunology (16 decks)

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