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FIP > 5. Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

5. Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of chronic inflammation?

A

Persistant infection
Autoimmune
Prolonged exposure to toxic agents
Unknown aetiology

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2
Q

What are the morphological features of chronic inflammation?

A

Infiltration of mononuclear cells
Tissue destruction
Attempts at healing (angiogenesis and fibrosis)

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3
Q

What is the most important cell in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages

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4
Q

What are the functions of macrophages in chronic inflammation?

A

Secrete cytokines and growth factors
Phagocytosis
Activates T lymphocytes

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5
Q

What activates macrophages?

A

Cytokines and endotoxins

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6
Q

What type of inflammation depends on B and T lymphocytes?

A

Granulomatous

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7
Q

What are macrophages in the liver known as?

A

Kupffer cells

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8
Q

What are macrophages in the spleen and lymphatics known as?

A

Sinus histiocytes

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9
Q

What are macrophages in the CNS known as?

A

Microglia

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10
Q

What is contained in the granules of eosinophils?

A

Major Basic Protein: toxic to parasites

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11
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation also known as?

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

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12
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Accumulation of epitheloid macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes

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13
Q

Why are macrophages called epitheloid in granulomatous inflammation?

A

High cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is the name given to several epitheloid macrophages fused together?

A

Giant cell

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15
Q

What circumstances cause the formation of a granuloma?

A

In response to substances that resist lysosomal degradation or induce T cell hypersensitivity
ie. foreign materials and certain micro-organisms

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16
Q

What do macrophages present to MHC-II receptors on T cells in a type 4 delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Ags

17
Q

What type of giant cells are found in type 4 delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Langhans type giant cells

Nuclei in a U-shape in periphery

18
Q

What are 3 features of sarcoidosis?

A

Non-caseating naked granuloma
Schaumann bodies
Asteroid bodies

19
Q

What is serous inflammation?

A

Accumulation of thin fluid from secretion of mesothelium or serum

20
Q

What is fibrinous inflammation?

A

Accumulation of fluid and fibrin

21
Q

What is suppurative inflammation?

A

Large amounts of pus produced

May lead to abscess formation

22
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Local defect in epithelial surface due to shedding

23
Q

What is an acute ulcer?

A

Loss of full epithelium thickness

May or may not involve scarring

24
Q

What is a chronic ulcer?

A

Deep penetration

Always scarring

25
Q

What is a sinus?

A

Tract lined by granulation tissue from a chronically inflamed cavity to the surface

26
Q

What is a fistula?

A

Abnormal communication between 2 surfaces

27
Q

Name 5 infectious causes of granulomatous inflammation

A 
TB
Leprosy
Histoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis
Syphilis
28
Q

What name is given to substances that induce fever?

A

Pyrogens

29
Q

How do bacterial products induce fever?

A

Stimulate leukocytes to release cytokines

Increases cyclooxygenase which increases prostaglandins

30
Q

How do NSAIDs lower fever?

A

Inhibit prostaglandin production

31
Q

Where are acute phase proteins produced?

A

Liver

32
Q

Name 3 acute phase proteins

A

CRP
SAA
Fibrinogen

33
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

High leukocyte count in response to inflammation, including immature leukocytes

34
Q

What other response to inflammation are there?

A 
Increase HR and BP
Decrease sweating
Shivering
Anorexia and malaise
Severe sepsis
35
Q

How is granuloma formation different in a defective immune system?

A

Transformation of macrophages to epitheloid cells is not effective, appear as foamy cells

36
Q

What does a Langhan’s giant cell look like?

A

Giant cell with 20+ nuclei arranged in a U shape

FIP (36 decks)

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