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FIP > 4. Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

4. Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Reaction of vascularised living tissue to a local injury

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2
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

Eliminate threat and necrotic cells

Begin healing

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3
Q

What are the causes of inflammation?

A 
Infective
Chemical
Physical
Immune
Necrotic tissue
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4
Q

What type of cells are associated with acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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5
Q

What type of cells are associated with chronic inflammation?

A

Mononuclear

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6
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A 
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
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7
Q

What causes heat and redness at the site of inflammation?

A

Vasodilation

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8
Q

What causes swelling at the site of inflammation?

A

Vascular permeability

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9
Q

What causes pain at the site of inflammation?

A

Mediator release

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10
Q

What happens as part of the vascular response?

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

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11
Q

What fluid is lost as a result of the vascular response?

A

Exudate (protein-rich)

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12
Q

What happens as a result of the loss of exudate?

A

Increased concentration of RBCs causes blood stasis

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13
Q

Why is exudate pushed out of blood vessels?

A

Vasodilation causes increased blood flow and higher hydrostatic pressure

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14
Q

What are the steps in the cellular response?

A 
Margination
Rolling
Pavementing
Transmigration
Chemotaxis
Oponisation
Phagocytosis
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15
Q

What is margination?

A

Blood stasis causes WBCs to congregate at endothelium

Causes endothelial activation and mediator release

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16
Q

What is rolling?

A

Neutrophils roll along surface of endothelium

Briefly bind

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17
Q

What is rolling mediated by?

A

Selectins

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18
Q

What is pavementing?

A

Neutrophils firmly adhere to endothelial cells

19
Q

What is pavementing mediated by?

A

Integrins
ICAM-1
VCAM-1

20
Q

What is transmigration?

A

Cells slip between gaps in endothelium

21
Q

What is transmigration mediated by?

A

PECAM-1

22
Q

What is oponisation?

A

‘cooking’ of bacterium by phagocytes

23
Q

What is used in the process of oponisation?

A

Immunoglobulins and C3b

24
Q

What do vasoactive amines cause?

A

Vascular dilation

Leaking

25
Q

Name 2 vasoactive amines

A

Histamine

Serotonin

26
Q

What is the classical pathway complement system?

A

Requires antibodies to activate

27
Q

What is the alternative pathway of the complement system?

A

Activated by the microbial surface

28
Q

What role does the complement system play in immunity?

A

‘Mac Attack’

Membrane Attack Complex punches a hole in the membrane

29
Q

What are the effects of the complement system?

A

Vascular permeability and vasodilation

Chemotaxis

30
Q

What leads to the formation of Bradykinin?

A

Kinin cascade

31
Q

What are the effects of bradykinin?

A

Increased permeability and dilatation

Pain

32
Q

What is arachiodonic acid metabolised to?

A

Leucotrienes and prostaglandins

33
Q

What prevents prostaglandin production?

A

Aspirin and NSAIDs

34
Q

What effects does platelet activating factor have?

A

Aggregation of platelets

Vaso and broncho constriction

35
Q

What factors cause vasodilatation?

A 
Vasoactive amines
Prostaglandins
Bradykinin
Complement system
NO
36
Q

What factors cause vascular leakage?

A 
Vasoactive amines
tissue damage
Complement system
Leucotrienes
PAF
Bradykinin
37
Q

What factors cause chemotaxis?

A

Complement system
Leucotrienes
Cytokines
Bacterial products

38
Q

What factors cause pain?

A

Prostaglandins
Bradykinin
Oedema

39
Q

What factors cause tissue damage?

A

Lysosomal enzymes
Oxygen metabolites
NO

40
Q

What are the benefits of inflammation?

A 
Dilute and destroy toxins
Arrival of antibodies, drugs, nutrients, oxygen
Fibrin is produced
Remove tissue debris
Stimulate the immune response
41
Q

What is axomal flow?

A

RBCs travel in centre of blood vessel

42
Q

What is the plasmatic zone?

A

Around the walls where plasma usually flows

43
Q

What is Lewis’ Triple Response?

A

Flush (red line from capillary dilation)
Flare (arteriolar dilation)
Wheal

44
Q

What is Catarrhal inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation and increased mucus secretion

FIP (36 decks)

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