4. Acute Inflammation

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

Reaction of vascularised living tissue to a local injury

Question 2

What is the purpose of inflammation?

Answer 2

Eliminate threat and necrotic cells

Begin healing

Question 3

What are the causes of inflammation?

Answer 3

Infective
Chemical
Physical
Immune
Necrotic tissue

Question 4

What type of cells are associated with acute inflammation?

Answer 4

Neutrophils

Question 5

What type of cells are associated with chronic inflammation?

Answer 5

Mononuclear

Question 6

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

Answer 6

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

Question 7

What causes heat and redness at the site of inflammation?

Answer 7

Vasodilation

Question 8

What causes swelling at the site of inflammation?

Answer 8

Vascular permeability

Question 9

What causes pain at the site of inflammation?

Answer 9

Mediator release

Question 10

What happens as part of the vascular response?

Answer 10

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 11

What fluid is lost as a result of the vascular response?

Answer 11

Exudate (protein-rich)

Question 12

What happens as a result of the loss of exudate?

Answer 12

Increased concentration of RBCs causes blood stasis

Question 13

Why is exudate pushed out of blood vessels?

Answer 13

Vasodilation causes increased blood flow and higher hydrostatic pressure

Question 14

What are the steps in the cellular response?

Answer 14

Margination
Rolling
Pavementing
Transmigration
Chemotaxis
Oponisation
Phagocytosis

Question 15

What is margination?

Answer 15

Blood stasis causes WBCs to congregate at endothelium

Causes endothelial activation and mediator release

Question 16

What is rolling?

Answer 16

Neutrophils roll along surface of endothelium

Briefly bind

Question 17

What is rolling mediated by?

Answer 17

Selectins

Question 18

What is pavementing?

Answer 18

Neutrophils firmly adhere to endothelial cells

Question 19

What is pavementing mediated by?

Answer 19

Integrins
ICAM-1
VCAM-1

Question 20

What is transmigration?

Answer 20

Cells slip between gaps in endothelium

Question 21

What is transmigration mediated by?

Answer 21

PECAM-1

Question 22

What is oponisation?

Answer 22

‘cooking’ of bacterium by phagocytes

Question 23

What is used in the process of oponisation?

Answer 23

Immunoglobulins and C3b

Question 24

What do vasoactive amines cause?

Answer 24

Vascular dilation

Leaking

Question 25

Name 2 vasoactive amines

Answer 25

Histamine | Serotonin

Question 26

What is the classical pathway complement system?

Answer 26

Requires antibodies to activate

Question 27

What is the alternative pathway of the complement system?

Answer 27

Activated by the microbial surface

Question 28

What role does the complement system play in immunity?

Answer 28

'Mac Attack' | Membrane Attack Complex punches a hole in the membrane

Question 29

What are the effects of the complement system?

Answer 29

Vascular permeability and vasodilation | Chemotaxis

Question 30

What leads to the formation of Bradykinin?

Answer 30

Kinin cascade

Question 31

What are the effects of bradykinin?

Answer 31

Increased permeability and dilatation | Pain

Question 32

What is arachiodonic acid metabolised to?

Answer 32

Leucotrienes and prostaglandins

Question 33

What prevents prostaglandin production?

Answer 33

Aspirin and NSAIDs

Question 34

What effects does platelet activating factor have?

Answer 34

Aggregation of platelets | Vaso and broncho constriction

Question 35

What factors cause vasodilatation?

Answer 35

``` Vasoactive amines Prostaglandins Bradykinin Complement system NO ```

Question 36

What factors cause vascular leakage?

Answer 36

``` Vasoactive amines tissue damage Complement system Leucotrienes PAF Bradykinin ```

Question 37

What factors cause chemotaxis?

Answer 37

Complement system Leucotrienes Cytokines Bacterial products

Question 38

What factors cause pain?

Answer 38

Prostaglandins Bradykinin Oedema

Question 39

What factors cause tissue damage?

Answer 39

Lysosomal enzymes Oxygen metabolites NO

Question 40

What are the benefits of inflammation?

Answer 40

``` Dilute and destroy toxins Arrival of antibodies, drugs, nutrients, oxygen Fibrin is produced Remove tissue debris Stimulate the immune response ```

Question 41

What is axomal flow?

Answer 41

RBCs travel in centre of blood vessel

Question 42

What is the plasmatic zone?

Answer 42

Around the walls where plasma usually flows

Question 43

What is Lewis' Triple Response?

Answer 43

Flush (red line from capillary dilation) Flare (arteriolar dilation) Wheal

Question 44

What is Catarrhal inflammation?

Answer 44

Acute inflammation and increased mucus secretion