12. Neoplastic Effects of Malignancy Flashcards
What is dyskaryosis?
Dysplasia in a cytological preparation (floating)
Atypical cells but no background architecture
What is dysplasia?
Atypical cells confined within epidermis or mucosa
Early manifestation of malignancy
What is mild dysplasia defined as?
Confined to the lower 1/3 of the epidermis or mucosa
What is severe dysplasia defined as?
Involves the full thickness of the epidermis or mucosa
What is a carcinoma in situ?
All layers of the epithelium show neoplasia, but BM isn’t broken
How might Fe deficiency anaemia be linked to malignancy?
Bleeding in GIT cancers
How might megaloblastic anaemia be linked to malignancy?
Cytotoxic drugs interfere with DNA synthesis
How might hypoplastic anaemia be linked to malignancy?
Tumour infiltrates bone marrow or chemo/radiotherapy destroy haematopoietic cells
Why is increased clotting associated with malignancy?
Tumour activates clotting factors, platelets and endothelial cells
Inhibit fibrinolysis
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
Effects that can’t be explained by the local neoplasm itself or the hormone that tissue would naturally produce
What hormone is commonly made by a small cell carcinoma of the lung?
PTH
Give some symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome?
Peripheral neuropathy Myopathy Dermatomyositis Cerebellar degeneration Fever Night sweats
What type of cells are involved in a melanoma?
Melanocytes
What mole changes are indicative of a melanoma?
Asymmetry Border irregular or bleeding Colour variable Diameter Elevation
Apart from the skin, where else can melanomas be found?
Anal margin
Eyes
What name is given to how deep the melanoma goes beyond the granular layer of epidermis?
Breslow thickness
What does Clarkes level of invasion describe?
Assess level into different parts of the dermis
What is a sarcoma?
Malignant tumour arising from connective tissue
What type of sarcoma can be linked to the herpes virus type 8?
Kaposi’s sarcoma
What can cause an increased risk of sarcomas?
Radiotherapy
Give an example of a sarcoma caused by a genetic defect
Li Fraumeni syndrome
How are sarcomas treated?
Wide local incision
radio and chemo therapy
Which drugs is given to treat a GI stromal tumour?
Imatinib
How would a neuroendocrine cell appear under the microscope?
Small nests of cells
Granular cytoplasm
Neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin)
Name 2 benign neuroendocrine tumours
Insulinoma
Parathyroid adenoma
Name 2 malignant neuroendocrine tumours
Carcinoid tumour Small cell Pancreatic islet cell Parathyroid Phaeochromocytoma Medullary carcinoma thyroid
What is a carcinoid tumour?
Biologically malignant but don’t metastasise so low grade
Name 3 places where carcinoid tumours occur
Appendix
Ileum
Bronchus
What is carcinoid syndrome?
Carcinoid tumours can produce serotonin which regulates intestinal movement and bronchospasm
The syndrome develops when the liver can no longer detoxify serotonin
What are the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome?
Facial flushing
Diarrhoea
Bronchospasm
Pulmonary stenosis
How is carcinoid tumour diagnosed?
Presence of 5HIAA in urine
breakdown product of serotonin
What group of people do multiple endocrine neoplasms occur in?
Men
Genetically inherited
What is a germ cell tumour?
Derived from cells that can split into endo, meso and ecto derm
Where can germ cell tumours arise?
Testis (seminoma) Ovaries (dysgerminoma) Thymus Pineal gland Retroperitoneum
Name 4 types of germ cell tumours
Teratoma
Choriocarcinoma
Yolk sac tumour
Embryonal
Why do seminomas have a good prognosis, despite being malignant?
Good host and lymphocyte response
What blood marker is present in choriocarcinomas?
hCG
Is a teratoma benign or malignant in testis?
Malignant
Benign in ovary
Name 2 types of glial neoplasms
Astrocytoma
Oligodendroglioma
What is a common complication of glial neoplasms?
Brain herniation
How do embryonic tumours appear under the microscope?
Small
round
blue
Name 4 embryonic tumours
Neuroblastoma
Nephroblastoma
Retinoblastoma
Medullablastoma
