27. Molecular Pathology 2 Flashcards
How do oncogenic viruses cause cancer?
Integrate into the host genome
What cancers are associated with HPV?
Cervical carcinoma
Oropharyngeal carcinoma
What cancers are associated with EBV?
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
What translocation is associated with follicular lymphoma?
t(14;18)
BCL2 gene
What translocation is associated with CML?
Philadelphia chromosome: t(9;22)
BCR-abl gene
What translocation is associated with GI stromal tumour?
c-kit
What translocation is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma?
t(8;14)
What sort of receptor is Her2?
Tyrosine kinase
What translocations respond to imatinib?
c-kit
BCR-abl
What are 2 types of targeted therapy?
Monoclonal antibodies
Small molecule inhibitors
How do monoclonal antibodies work?
Block membrane receptors
What letters do monoclonal antibody drugs end in?
-ab
How do small molecule inhibitors work?
Block signalling pathways
What letters do small molecule inhibitors end in?
-ib
Give a biomarker for colorectal cancer
KRAS
Give a biomarker for non small cell lung carcinoma
EGFR
ROS
Alk
Give a biomarker for metastatic melanoma
BRAF
How can a lack of response to a treatment be detected?
PET scan
Tumour markers
Molecular analysis for markers eg. translocations
Name a targeted drug for melanoma
Vemurafinib
Name a targeted drug for lung carcinoma
Cetuximab
Name a targeted drug for B cell lymphoma
Rituximab
How do tumour cells evade the immune system?
Tolerance
Local immune suppression
Mess up T cell signalling
Activate immune checkpoints to end response
How does immune therapy work?
Stimulate response
or
immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors (inhibit inhibition)
Name an immune checkpoint pathway inhibitor
Ipilimumab (pembro)
used in lung cancer
What pathway is involved in immune checkpoints?
PD1 PDL1 pathway
