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Immunity, Infection and Disease > Anthropod Zoonotic Viruses > Flashcards

Anthropod Zoonotic Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of rotaviruses

A

Non-enveloped, segmented double stranded RNA

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2
Q

What are the major complications of rotavirus infection?

A

Dehydration and accompanying hyponatremia

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3
Q

Where (in the body) do rotaviruses replicate?

A

Villus cells of duodenum and proximal jejunum

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4
Q

Is there a vaccine for rotavirus?

A

Yes (RotaTeq and Rotarix). Also used to be rotashield, but removed due to intestinal obstruction

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5
Q

Structure of Norwalk viruses

A

Small, non-enveloped, single stranded RNA

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6
Q

Norwalk viruses and rotaviruses are generally very similar. In one antibodies confer long lasting protection, in one they are minimally protective. Which is which?

A

In rotaviruses type-specific antibodies are made which are long lasting and probably protective. In Norwalk viruses antibodies appear to have minimal protective effects

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7
Q

Name a norwalk-like virus

A

Noroviruses

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8
Q

What are by far the largest causes of infant hospitalizations during winter in the US?

A

RSV and Rotaviruses (each about 50 percent of hospitalizations)

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9
Q

Noroviruses and Norwalk have symptomatology similar to what class of viruses and what is the symptomatology?

A

Rotaviruses. First vomiting for 1-3 days then diarrhea for 5-8 days (this is course for rotaviruses, course in noroviruses similar but shorter)

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10
Q

What is the primary difference between rotaviruses and norwalk-like viruses?

A

Rotavirus mostly infects infants, norwalk and norwalk-like viruses tend to infect slightly older children

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11
Q

Structure of togaviruses

A

Positive sense single stranded RNA, enveloped, replicates in cytoplasm

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12
Q

Structure of Flaviruses

A

Positive sense single stranded RNA, replicates in cytoplasm, released through ER

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13
Q

Five major classes of arthropod/zoonotic viruses

A

Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Arenaviridae, Filoviridae

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14
Q

What family of virus causes the equine encephalitides and how are they transmited?

A

Caused by togaviridae (specifically alphaviruses). Transmitted by mosquito from bird/small animal reservoirs to horses and humans

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15
Q

What virus family causes St Louis Encephalitis and what disease is it similar to?

A

Caused by Flaviviridae (specifically flavivirus) and disease is similar to equine encephalitides

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16
Q

What are the two patterns of yellow fever transmission and which more closely involves humans

A

Jungle yellow fever (monkey-mosquito-monkey) and Urban yellow fever (human-mosquito-human)

17
Q

From where does yellow fever get its name and what is the most common cause of death in yellow fever?

A

From jaundice due to destruction of liver cells, death may occur from necrosis of liver or kidney

18
Q

Which viral disease includes black vomitus?

A

Yellow fever (caused by hemorrhagic phenomena). However, if pt survives, yellow fever has no sequelae

19
Q

What type of vaccine exists for yellow fever?

A

Live attenuated virus vaccine

20
Q

What is another name for Dengue fever and where does this name come from?

A

Breakbone fever, is a reference to the severe joint and muscle pain associated with the disease

21
Q

Where in the body does dengue fever replicate?

A

In small blood vessels (causing endothelial swelling, perivascular edema, and mononuclear cell infiltration)

22
Q

How is hemorrhagic dengue fever different from dengue fever?

A

Hemorrhagic occurs in individuals with maternal antibody or those infected with heterologous strains of dengue, and begins as does regular dengue but then proceeds to coagulation abnormalities, hypovolemic shock, bleeding

23
Q

What type of vaccine is available for dengue fever?

A

None

24
Q

What is the structure of bunyaviruses?

A

Triple-segmented, negative sense ssRNA, enveloped, replicates in cytoplasm, release by budding through Golgi

25
Q

What type of virus causes California encephalitis and what type of vaccine is available?

A

It is caused by a bunyaviridae (specifically bunyavirus). No vaccine available

26
Q

What might be transmission mechanism of Hantavirus, what type of disease are we most focused on it causing, what group of viruses (based on symptoms) is it in?

A

Rodent urine may be point of contact, focus is on it causing pulmonary illness, member of hemorrhagic fever viruses

27
Q

What is the structure of arenaviruses?

A

Double-segmented, negative sense ssRNA, enveloped

28
Q

What virus causes Lassa fever and what is the treatment?

A

Arenavirus, treatment with ribavirin has been reported effective

29
Q

What family of viruses does Ebola belong to and what is another virus in this family?

A

Filoviruses (filamentous in structure), Marburg virus is also in this family

30
Q

What is the main difference between togaviridae and flaviviridae?

A

Togaviridae released by budding the CYTOPLASMIC membrane, flaviviridae released by budding through ER membrane (almost all other major characteristics are same)

31
Q

What is the hallmark symptom of togaviruses and flaviviruses?

A

Fever

32
Q

Variants of equine encephalitis

A

Western (WEE), Eastern (EEE), Venezuelan (VEE)

33
Q

What family of virus causes West Nile virus and what other major diseases are from this family?

A

Flaviviridae, same family as St Louis Encephalitis (SLE), Japanese B encephalitis, Yellow Fever, and Dengue

34
Q

What family of virus causes Japanese B encephalitis?

A

Flaviviridae. This is the only one we learned about where there is a vaccine

35
Q

What is the primary difference between yellow fever and dengue fever?

A

Yellow replicates in lymph nodes, dengue replicates in small blood vessels (endothelial lining), also more joint pain in dengue, also death more common in yellow

36
Q

What type of disorder is Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

A

A Type III hypersensitivity reaction (mediated by immune complexes)

37
Q

What family of viruses are Lassa fever and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCM) in?

A

Arenaviruses

Immunity, Infection and Disease (86 decks)

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