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Biology > !! 4.5, homeostatis > Flashcards

!! 4.5, homeostatis Flashcards

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1
Q

what are hormones

A

chemicals secreted directly into the bloodstream by various glands (endocrine glands) that make up the endocrine system

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2
Q

how do hormones travel around the body

what do they control

A

carried by the blood

to a target organ where it produces an effect

control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment

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3
Q

how do the effects of hormones differ from the nervous system

A
  • hormones are slower
  • act for longer
  • act in a more general way
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4
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

in the brain

middle bottom

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5
Q

give an example of both a nervous and hormonal response

A
  • nervous: really quick e.g pain signals, a message from eyes there’s a lion heading your way ect (hormones too slow to carry that message)
  • hormonal: lasts for a long time e.g adrenaline casing flight or fight response keeps your body hyped for action for a long time
    (can tell hormonal bc you feel wobbly for a while afterwards)
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5
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

the ‘master gland’

secretes several hormones into the blood in response to the body conditions

these hormones in turn act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects

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6
Q

where is blood glucose concentration controlled and monitored

A

pancreas

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7
Q

what happens if the blood glucose concentration is too high

A

pancreas produces the hormone insulin which causes glucose to move from the blood into liver and muscle cells

insulin then makes the liver then convert the extra glucose into glycogen and store it

blood glucose levels then reduced

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8
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

what are common treatments

A
  • disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin causing uncontrolled high blood glucose levels
  • normally treated with insulin injections and limiting foods rich in simple carbohydrates
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9
Q

what is type 2 diabetes
what are common treatments
common risk factor

A

the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas

commonly treated with a carbohydrate-controlled diet and an exercise regime

obesity is a common risk factor

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10
Q

what happens if the blood glucose concentration is too low

A

pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon

glucagon makes the liver turn glycagen into glucose

this glucose is then released into the blood by the liver

blood glucose concentration increases

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11
Q

what is negative feedback

A

used by your automatic control systems

to keep your internal environment stable

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12
Q

how does glucagon interact with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose levels in the body

A

too high levels of blood glucose, pancreas secretes the hormone insulin
too low levels of blood glucose, pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon
after each, receptors realise levels have retirned to normal and reposnce is turned off

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13
Q

what does blood glucose levels mean

A

amount of sugar in your body

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14
Q

what is the main reproductive hormone in men

where is it produced

A

testosterone
produced in the testes
stimulates sperm production

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15
Q

what is the main reproductive hormone in women

where is it produced

A

oestrogen

produced in the ovaries

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16
Q

name 3 symptoms of both diabetes

A

tiredness (blood glucose not going into cells)

thirsty (brain realises blood too concentrated)

large volumes of urine

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17
Q

where is glucagon produced

A

pancreas

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18
Q

what are insulin and glucagon

A

hormones

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19
Q

what is ovulation

A

at puberty, eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every 28 days

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20
Q

what does FSH stand for
what does it do
which stage does it peak

A
  • follicule-stimulating hormone
  • causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries, in a structure called a follicle
  • stage 1
21
Q

which stage of the menstrual cycle does oestrogen peak

A

stage 2

22
Q

which stage of the menstrual cycle does LH peak

what does it stimulate

A

stage 3

stimulates the release of an egg at day 14

23
Q

which stage of the menstrual cycle does progesterone peak

and where is it produced

A

stage 4

produced in ovaries by remains of follicle after ovulation

24
Q

which hormones can be administered to women in a ‘fertility drug’

A

FSH and LH

25
Q

what does IVF stand for

A

In Vitro Fertalisation

26
Q

which hormones are given to a woman undertaking IVF and why

A

FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs

27
Q

what are 2 improvements in microscopy techniques enabled development in IVF treatments and higher success rates

A

specialised micro-tools

time-lapse imaging

28
Q

cons of IVF treatments

A
  • risk of multiple births, risky for both the mother and the babies
  • low success rates
  • women can have a physical reactions: vomiting, dehydration, abdomen pain
  • emotionally and physically stressful
29
Q

what can’t some women get preganant

A

their FSH levels are too low so their eggs don’t mature

30
Q

Where is FSH produced

A

the purtuity gland

31
Q

which other hormone does FSH stimulate the production of

A

oestrogen

32
Q

where is LH produced

A

in the pituitary gland

33
Q

what does the hormone oestrogen stimulate

A

causes the uterus lining to grow/ involved in maintaining it

stimulates the release of LH

inhibits the release of FSH

34
Q

what 2 things does progesterone do

A

maintains uterus lining during the second half of cycle

inhibits the release of LH and FSH

35
Q

what happens to a woman’s eggs during IVF

A

eggs collected from the mother and fertilised in lab using the father’s sperm

the fertilised eggs are developed into embryos

when embryos are tiny balls of cells one or two of the embryos are transferred into the mother’s uterus

36
Q

where is adrenaline produced

A

adrenal glands

37
Q

what effects does the release of adrenaline have on the body

why are these effects released

A

increases heart rate

boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles

these prepare the body for ‘fight or flight’

38
Q

where is thyroxine produced

A

thyroid gland

39
Q

what is the basal metabolic rate

A

speed at which chemical reactions in your body occur while the body is at rest

40
Q

what happens when thyroxine levels in the blood get too high

A

the secretion of TSH (from the pituitary gland) is stopped

reduces the amount of thyroxine released from the thyroid gland

so level of thyroxine in the blood falls back to the normal level

41
Q

effect of thyroxine on the basal metabolic rate

A

increases it, making the body’s chemical reactions take place at a faster rate

42
Q

what are the 2 processes effected by thyroxine

A

basal metabolic rate

growth and development

43
Q

3 systems regulated by negative feedback

A

thyroxine levels in the blood

blood glucose concentration

menstrual cycle

44
Q

how do specialised micro tools work

A

used under a microscope

to remove single cells from the embryo for genetic testing

test if it is healthy

45
Q

what is time-lapse imaging

and how does it work

A

microscope and camera built into incubator

watches growth of embryos to see which are most likely to result in a successful pregnancy

46
Q

what happens progesterone levels fall

A

the uterus lining breaks down

47
Q

when is adraneline produced

A

in times of fear or stress

48
Q

when does your body use negative feedback

A

when the level of something gets too high or too low

NF used to bring it back to normal

49
Q

function of the master (pituitary) gland

A

releases hormones in response to changes of the bodies conditions

detected by the hypothalamus

50
Q

pro of IVF

A

Safe and allows people to have a baby that without treatment they could not

Embryos can be screened for genetic diseases

Unused eggs can be used for research or donated to other couples.

Biology (24 decks)

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