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Biology > !! 4.2.2.1, Digestive System > Flashcards

!! 4.2.2.1, Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an organ system

A

a group of organs that work together to perform a particular role

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2
Q

which 5 organs make up the digestive system

A

small intestine

large intestine

liver

glands

stomach

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3
Q

what does the small intestine do in the digestive system

A

digests food and absorbs soluble food molecules

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4
Q

what does soluble mean

A

can be dissolved

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5
Q

what does unsoluble mean

A

can’t be dissolved

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6
Q

what does the large intestine do in the digestive system

A

absorbs water molecules from remaining undigested food

this allows it to produce faeces

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7
Q

what does the liver do in the digestive system

A

produces bile

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8
Q

what do glands do in the digestive system

A

produce digestive juices

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9
Q

2 examples of glands in the digestive system

A

pancreas

salivary glands

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10
Q

what does the stomach do in the digestive system

A

digests food

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11
Q

what is an organism

A

highest level of organisation in a multicellular organism

and consists of several organ systems

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12
Q

what are levels of organisation in multicellular organisms, starting least complex

A

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

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13
Q

what is an organ

A

a group of distinct tissues that group together to form a specific function

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14
Q

2 factors that affect rate of enzyme reactions

A

temperature

PH

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15
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of enzyme action

A

increasing the temperature of a working enzyme initially increases the reacting activity

enzymes have an optimum temperature, once reached their activity decreases

past a certain temperature, the active site changes shape, and the enzyme is denatured (loses its catalytic activity).

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16
Q

how does PH affect the rate of enzyme action

A

Enzymes have an optimum PH level

changes away from the optimum PH, then the enzyme activity decreases

PH is too low or too high the enzyme is denatured and will not function

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17
Q

does is the ‘lock and key’ theory

A

the active site is like a lock and the substrate is like a key

usually only one enzyme for every substrate (or one key for each lock)

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18
Q

what do enzymes do to reactions in the body

A

speeds them up

often called ‘biological catalysts’

19
Q

what is the rate of reaction equal to on a graph

what does it show

A

the gradient

shows mass of the product, plotted against the reaction time

20
Q

how is the rate of reaction calculated using a graph

A

(using the gradient)

picking two points on the graph

then dividing the change in mass by the change in time

21
Q

what must happen in order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction

how does this happen

A

the reacting chemical (substrate) must bind to the enzyme’s active site

both the substrate and the active sight are the same shape

lock and key theory

22
Q

unit for rate of reaction

A

g/s

23
Q

where are digestive enzymes made

and by who

A

specialised cells in the glands and the lining of the gut

24
Q

what do digestive enzymes do in the body

A

speed up the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble ones

that are then small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream

25
Q

how can digested molecules be used

what happens to some of the glucose produced by digestion

A

to construct new carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the body

some is used for respiration

26
Q

what are the three main digestive enzymes

A

amylase

lipids

protease

27
Q

what does the digestive enzyme amylase do

A

breaks down starch into simple sugars, predominantly maltose

28
Q

what do carbohydrases

example of a carbohydrase

A

break down carbohydrates into simple sugars

amylase

29
Q

which three places is amylase produced

A

small intestine

pancreas

salivary glands

30
Q

what are the two sites of action for amylase

A

small intestine

mouth

31
Q

constituent

A
32
Q

what does the digestive enzyme protease do

A

breaks down proteins into amino acids

33
Q

which three places is protease produced

A

small intestine

pancreas

stomach

34
Q

what are the two sites of action for protease

A

stomach

small intestine

35
Q

what does the digestive enzyme lipase do

A

breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

36
Q

is bile alkaline or acidic

A

bile is an alkaline substance

37
Q

where is bile produced

where is bile stored

A

produced in the liver

stored in the gall bladder

38
Q

what does bile do in the digestive system

A

breaks up fats into tiny droplets, through emulsification

the tiny droplets have a higher surface area than the original fat drop

the alkaline condition and larger SA increases the rate of fat breakdown by lipase

39
Q

what is emulsification

A

process by which bile breaks up fats into tiny droplets

40
Q

in which condition to enzymes in the small intestine operate

A

in alkaline conditions

41
Q

in which condition to enzymes in the small intestine operate

A

in alkaline conditions

42
Q

which role does bile play in the stomach

A

Bile neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach to stop enzymes in the small intestine becoming denatured

43
Q

what is meant by an enzyme being denatured

A

it’s active site has changed shape

44
Q

equation for rate of reaction

A

change in mass / change in time

Biology (24 decks)

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