4.1.2 - Types Of LTM

Question 1

Who created this theory

Answer 1

`Tulving

Question 2

What stores is the LTM broken down into

Answer 2

Declarative vs non-declarative/ procedural

Question 3

Describe declarative memories

Answer 3

Explicit memory, (knowing that), memories that can be put into words.
Consists of both:
- Semantic memories [ general knowledge ]
- episodic memories [ personal recollections ]

Question 4

Describe non-declarative/ procedural memories

Answer 4

Implicit, (knowing how) not easy to explain in words, like muscle memory and the memory for actions or skills

Question 5

What effects the strength of episodic memories

Answer 5

• emotions present at the time of encoding (flashbulb memories)
• the degree of processing, if memories are highly processed, they are easily recalled

Question 6

What do episodic memories enable us to do

Answer 6

Differentiate between real life events and our imagination

Question 7

How are procedural memories recalled

Answer 7

Without much effort or thought, but are hard to explain to others

Question 8

Features of semantic memories

Answer 8

• not time stamped, very general and not personal.
• factual (in a broad sense)

Question 9

A03- Hm case study (strength)

Answer 9

• Hm was unable to acquire new declarative knowledge (anterograde memories) , but was able to retain and learn new motor skills which is non-declarative memories after brain damage.
  —> he carried out a task where he drew a star through a mirror by tracing a guideline, each time the task had to be re-explained, however he began to improve overtime.
• supports the view that procedural memory and episodic and semantic memory are in separate stores.

Question 10

A03- case studies (limitations)

Answer 10

• brain damage causes trauma (psychological and physical)
• trauma may effect internal mental processes like memory
  meaning that the findings may not be representative of a normal memory.
• people with brain damage cannot always pay attention to
  tasks:
• It may appear that their memory is damaged, but it might just be their lack of attention towards the task making it more difficult for them to carry out.
• We have no way of knowing which reason is causing
  the ppts difficulty when completing tasks so there is no reliable evidence.
  Decreases validity and generalisability of evidence

Question 11

A03 - real life application

Answer 11

Strength:
allows us to target specific parts of the memory to improve
lives, creating multiple specific treatment formation.

episodic memory can be improved in older people who have a mild cognitive impairment

Question 12

A03 - managing Alzheimer’s

Answer 12

Alzheimers is a disease of the brain that causes it to get less dense:
- the relationship between the episodic and the semantic
memories is studied.
- some patients retain the ability to form new semantic
memories, but no episodic memories

When slowing the progression of Alzheimers, the episodic memory is targeted first, so the theory has REAL-LIFE APPLICATION
increases the validity of the theory as it suggests that there are different parts of the Itm