4.1.2- - Muti-store Model

Question 1

Define memory

Answer 1

The process of encoding, storing and retrieving information

Question 2

Define encoding

Answer 2

taking information from the environment and converting
the information so it can be stored

Question 3

Define storage

Answer 3

Retain the encoded information which may be stored in the stm or ltm

Question 4

Define retrieval

Answer 4

Access the info that has been stored

Question 5

Who made the msm

Answer 5

Atkinson and shiffrin (1968)

Question 6

Features of the msm

Answer 6

Environmental input - sensory memory - (attention) - STM - recall - (rehearsal loop) (prolonged rehearsal) (retrieval) - LTM

Question 7

A03 - serial position effect

Answer 7

-Murdock (1962]
->words at the beginning and end of a list are the best recalled
-> words in the middle of a list tend to get ‘lost’

Strength:
- the model has explanatory power as it can explain why it happens ( see diagram in notes)

Question 8

HM case study info

Answer 8

· henry has seizures since childhood
· removed all of his hippocampus (part of the limbic system, linked to emotion)
· after removal, he no longer had seizures and the IQ Improved
· One problem was he lost most memones of 10 years before surgery( retrograde amnesia)
· hm was unable to form new memories ( anterograde amnesia)
· When constantly concentrating, memory could last to 15 mins, but with minimal concentration, only 5 mins.
· unconscious motor centers remembered what the conscious mind forgot.
· died at the age of 82.
· most studied brain in history

Question 9

Define retrograde amnesia

Answer 9

Can’t recall events that occurred before the event

Question 10

Define Anterograde amnesia

Answer 10

Means that you cannot form new memories

Question 11

A03 - HM case study

Answer 11

H.M’s STM Was In tact because he could remember a word
Up to 15 mins If rehearsing constantly but only 5 mins without rehersal.
- no info is moving from stm to Im after the operation.
↳ still has a ltm because he could remember info from before 10 yrs.

shows multi-store model of memory:
· shows stm and ltm as separate, independent stores that
Info must move between.

Question 12

A03 -the model is oversimplified

Answer 12

A weakness:
- assumes that the stm and Itm operate in a single uniform
fashion which we know isn’t true.
- different types of Itm have been identified and are ignored.

Question 13

The model over emphasises the role of rehearsal ( elaborative rehearsal)

Answer 13

• rehearsal is too simple of an explanation to explain the movement of info from the stm -> ltm
• model ignores external factors (motivation, effect, strategy which underpin learning. )
• rehearsal is not essential when moving info from stm -> ltm :
  We cannot always remember items that we have rehearsed (notes for test), but can remember how to swim which is not rehearsed.
• the models main emphasis was on structure, neglecting the process elements of memory - Elaboration rehearsal leads to a better recall of info than maintenance rehearsal

Question 14

Define elaboration rehearsal

Answer 14

Gives info context ( links to known information) so memory making is easier to move to ltm

Question 15

A03- research uses nonsense tasks and conducted in a lab

Answer 15

Limitation
- have low ecological validity
- research cannot be generalised to real life
- the high control of a lab environment increases chances of demand characteristics

Question 16

Define nonsense tasks

Answer 16

Tasks that would not occur in real life and don’t make ordinary sense