4.1 History of DNA

Question 1

What disease was Frederick Griffith researching?

Answer 1

Pneumonia

Question 2

The process of one strain of bacteria acquiring a “factor” from another bacteria

Answer 2

Transformation

Question 3

Why did the Rough Strain and the Heat Killed Smooth Strain (both of which did not kill the mouse individually) kill the mouse when combined?

Answer 3

The rough strain picked up genetic traits of the dead smooth strain

Question 4

What could have passed from one bacteria to the other?

Answer 4

Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 5

Why did Avery, Macleod, and McCarty want to find the transforming factor in Griffith’s experiment?

Answer 5

They believed proteins and DNA worked in heredity.

Question 6

Did transformation occur without proteins

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

Did transformation occur without RNA

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

Did transformation occur without DNA

Answer 8

no

Question 9

Which molecule was responsible for transformation

Answer 9

DNA because transformation was only stopped when DNA was destroyed.

Question 10

Why was the scientific community not convinced that DNA was the cell’s genetic material?

Answer 10

They thought the structure of DNA was too simple to be responsible for such complex traits.

Question 11

Why does a virus infect genetic material into a host cell?

Answer 11

To reproduce

Question 12

What was the independent variable for the Hershey-Chase experiment?

Answer 12

Which isotope was the bacteria growing with

Question 13

What was the dependent variable for the Hershey-Chase experiment?

Answer 13

Where the radioactivity ends up

Question 14

What happens in phase 1

Answer 14

One batch of viruses was labeled with radioactive phosphorus which is incorporated in the DNA. Another batch of viruses was labeled with radioactive sulfer, which is incorporated into the protein coat.

Question 15

What happens in phase 2

Answer 15

Bacteria were infected with the viruses. The researchers were looking to identify if viral DNA or viral protein entered the host bacteria cell.

Question 16

What happens in phase 3

Answer 16

The culture was blended and centrifuged to separate the viruses from the bacteria.

Question 17

What happens in phase 4

Answer 17

Bacteria infected with the DNA-marked viruses, contained radioactive phosphorus. Bacteria infected with Protein-marked viruses, contained no markers.

Question 18

What claim can you make about the virus’s genetic material

Answer 18

Viruses use DNA as the genetic material because only radioactive phosphorus was found inside of bacterial host cells and no radioactive sulfer

Question 19

What is Chargaff’s rule #1

Answer 19

G=C and A=T

Question 20

What is Chargaff’s rule #2

Answer 20

The relative amount of A,C,T,G varies from one species to the next

Question 21

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 21

Phosphate, nitrogenous base, and sugar

Question 22

What type of ring is pyrimidine and what are some examples

Answer 22

1 ring and Thymine, and cytosine

Question 23

What type of ring is purines and what are some examples

Answer 23

2 ring adenine and guanine

Question 24

What bond holds the nucleotides together to create the sugar/phosphate backbone

Answer 24

covalent bonds

Question 25

What bond connects the base pairs to the two strands together

Answer 25

hydrogen bonds

Question 26

Anti-parallel def

Answer 26

complementary strand runs in opposite direction

Question 27

What prime goes by the P group

Answer 27

5’

Question 28

What prime goes by the OH group

Answer 28

3’