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PSY1019 Social Psychology with Research Methods 1 > 4- Where does our Self Come From? > Flashcards

4- Where does our Self Come From? Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two groups of theories about the self?

A

Self-comparison and social-comparisons

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2
Q

What is self-comparison?

A

How we find out about ourselves using internal standards and information

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3
Q

What are social-comparisons?

A

Social sense of self- how we find out and develop a sense of self based on other people and groups

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4
Q

What 3 theories are associated with self-comparison?

A

Self-perception theory, self-awareness theory, and self-discrepancy theory

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5
Q

Who came up with the self-perception theory?

A

Bem, 1965

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6
Q

What is the key idea of self-perception theory?

A

When attitudes or feelings are ambiguous then we infer them by observing our own behaviour

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7
Q

What do we do if we keep doing things?

A

Assume that we like it and incorporate it into our self-concept

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8
Q

What are some examples of things decided by self-perception theory?

A

Liking certain foods or activities

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9
Q

Does self-perception theory happen consciously or unconsciously?

A

Automatically, not at the conscious level

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10
Q

When does self-perception theory happen?

A

When there isn’t an external justification for behaviour

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11
Q

What do people do when extrinsic motivation is strong?

A

People discount the influence of intrinsic motivation

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12
Q

Who came up with self-awareness theory?

A

Duval and Wicklund, 1972

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13
Q

What is the key idea behind self-awareness theory?

A

We aren’t always constantly paying attention to our behaviours

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14
Q

What happens when we become self-conscious or self-aware?

A

We become objective observers of our own behaviour

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15
Q

How do we compare our present behaviour?

A

To internal standards and values

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16
Q

How do we become self-aware?

A

Certain triggers activate self-awareness

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17
Q

How does self-awareness vary between people?

A

One person’s trigger may not trigger self-awareness in someone else

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18
Q

Who came up with self-discrepancy theory?

A

Higgins, 1987

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19
Q

What is self-discrepancy?

A

The size of mismatch there is between the actual self and ideal/ought self

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20
Q

What is self-regulation?

A

Strategies to match behaviour to ideal or ought self

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21
Q

What does self-regulation do?

A

Reduce discrepancy

22
Q

What are we motivated to do?

A

Reduce self-discrepancy

23
Q

Why do we sometimes change our behaviours and standards?

A

To match the desired standard or escape the situation

24
Q

What feelings is discrepancy between the actual and ideal self associated with?

A

Dejected, disappointed, dissatisfied, sad

25
Q

What feelings is discrepancy between the actual and ought self associated with?

A

Agitated, anxious, threatened, fearful

26
Q

What 3 theories are associated with social comparison?

A

Looking glass self, social comparison theory, social identity approach

27
Q

Why is social comparison important?

A

Experiences with other people feed into our self-concept and who we think we are

28
Q

What is the looking glass self?

A

We see ourselves and the social world through the eyes of other people and often adopt those views

29
Q

How do we incorporate other people’s views into our self-concept?

A

By acquiring feedback and evaluation from others lead us to feel more confident in our self views

30
Q

How do we use non-verbal cues?

A

To guess, interpret and imagine how other people are seeing us

31
Q

What 3 components of the looking glass self did Cooley propose?

A

Imagining how we appear to others
Imagine how other will judge us
Develop an emotional response to that judgement

32
Q

How are our self views dictated?

A

More by how we think other people will see us instead of how they actually see us

33
Q

Who came up with social comparison theory?

A

Festinger, 1954

34
Q

What is the idea of social comparison theory?

A

People are driven to establish accurate self-views by comparing to others

35
Q

Why do we often feel a need to compare to others to mark our characteristics or abilities?

A

As we can’t always observe our own behaviour

36
Q

Why are we motivated to seek out social comparisons?

A

To work out where we stand in relation to others

37
Q

What is an upward social comparison?

A

Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular trait or ability

38
Q

Why can an upward social comparison be positive?

A

It can be inspiring or motivating

39
Q

Why can an upward social comparison be negative?

A

Can threaten self-esteem and be a bit dejecting

40
Q

What is self-evaluation maintenance?

A

We defend self-esteem against upward social comparison

41
Q

What is a downward social comparison?

A

We compare ourselves to people who are worse than we are on a particular trait or ability

42
Q

Why can a downward social comparison be positive?

A

It enhances or protects self-esteem

43
Q

Why can a downward social comparison be negative?

A

It doesn’t motivate self-improvement

44
Q

Who came up with the social identity approach?

A

Tajfel and Turner, 1979, 1986

45
Q

What does the social identity approach focus on?

A

The collective self

46
Q

What interact in the social identity approach?

A

Personal identity and social identity

47
Q

What is important in the social identity approach?

A

Part of our self-concept that derives from membership in social groups where value and emotional significance is attached to that membership

48
Q

What does group membership provide us with?

A

Self-esteem

49
Q

What do we do when group identity is salient?

A

We act in accordance to group norms and prioritise maximising ingroup outcomes more than self-interest

50
Q

What is the goal of self-categorisation theory?

A

To elaborate and refine the cognitive element of social identity theory

51
Q

What do we do in any given situation according to self-categorisation theory?

A

Self-categorise in terms of any of our multiple selves, including individual, relational and social identities

52
Q

What are the 4 reasons a given identity is more likely to be activated?

A

If it is more accessible
If it fits the situation
If it satisfies the motive to reduce uncertainty
If it satisfies the motive to self-enhance

PSY1019 Social Psychology with Research Methods 1 (36 decks)

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