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PSY1019 Social Psychology with Research Methods 1 > 3- Attributions > Flashcards

3- Attributions Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Heider-Simmel illusion test for?

A

The hypothesis that people see shapes moving around as having personalities and intentions

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2
Q

What do we want to do according to the Heider-Simmel illusion?

A

To come up with adequate explanations for ours and others’ behaviours

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3
Q

What do people have a strong natural tendency to do?

A

See random shapes moving as rational beings with feelings and intentions

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4
Q

What is an attribution?

A

Action of making inferences about behaviour

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5
Q

Who proposed the naive psychologist theory?

A

Heider, 1958

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6
Q

What does the naive psychologist theory believe about people?

A

People are intuitive psychologists

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7
Q

What do people want to come up with according to the naive scientist theory?

A

Theories that are causal

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8
Q

What do we want to use? (Naive psychologist theory)

A

Stable and enduring properties

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9
Q

Why do we want to use stable and enduring properties? (naive psychologist theory)

A

To make it easier to control and predict

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10
Q

What do people stick to? (naive psychologist theory)

A

Internal explanations in spite of evidence for external

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11
Q

What are the three principles of the naive psychologist theory?

A
  1. Behaviour is motivated- we look for causes of people’s behaviours
  2. We search for stable and enduring properties
  3. Two explanations- internal (dispositional) or external (situational)
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12
Q

What is involved in internal (dispositional) explanations?

A

Personality and ability

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13
Q

What is involved in external (situational) explanations?

A

Situations and social pressure

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14
Q

Who came up with the correspondent inference theory?

A

Jones and Davis, 1965

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15
Q

What is the key question investigated by the correspondent inference theory?

A

When do we infer internal causes from people’s behaviour?

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16
Q

What do we like doing according to the correspondent inference theory?

A

Making correspondent inferences

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17
Q

What do we attribute behaviour to according to the correspondent inference theory?

A

Underlying disposition

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18
Q

What style is the dispositional cause in the correspondent inference theory?

A

Stable

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19
Q

What five sources of information/cues are needed to make a correspondent inference?

A
  1. Freely chosen behaviour
  2. Behaviour with few non-common effects
  3. Socially undesirable behaviour
  4. Important direct consequences for self
  5. Intention to benefit/harm us
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20
Q

What do non-common effects provide?

A

Inferences about someone’s disposition

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21
Q

What is the problem when there is none or a few non-common effects?

A

It is difficult for us to make a correspondent inference when there are none/few non-common effects

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22
Q

Why is socially undesirable behaviour more useful than socially desirable behaviour?

A

Socially undesirable behaviour gives us a better basis to make a correspondent inference

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23
Q

What is hedonic relevance?

A

Important direct consequences for the self

24
Q

What is personalism?

A

The intention to benefit/harm us

25
Q

Who came up with the covariation model?

A

Kelley, 1967

26
Q

What is the key question involved in the covariation model?

A

How do we explain people’s behaviour?

27
Q

What do we aim to do according to the covariation model?

A

Assign a causal role of a factor by identifying which factor (internal/external) covaries most closely with the behaviour

28
Q

What are the three classes of information to assess in the covariation model?

A
  1. Consistency- how the person acts in response to the same stimulus over time?
  2. Distinctiveness- how the person acts in response to similar stimuli that are not the same?
  3. Consensus- how other people act in response to the same stimulus?
29
Q

What does the covariation model see as the most important indicator of disposition?

A

Consistency

30
Q

Who came up with the attributional theory?

A

Weiner, 1979

31
Q

What is the key question investigated in the attributional theory?

A

How do we explain our own task performance and other people’s?

32
Q

What are the three performance dimensions in the attributional theory?

A
  1. Locus- if performance is caused by the actor (internal) or situation (external)
  2. Stability- stable or unstable cause
  3. Controllability- if future task performance is under the actor’s control
33
Q

Who came up with the fundamental attribution error?

A

Ross, 1977

34
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

Tendency to see other people’s actions as internally caused, rather than situationally caused even when there are clear external causes

35
Q

Who investigated the fundamental attribution error?

A

Jones and Harris

36
Q

How did Jones and Harris investigate the fundamental attribution error?

A

US presidents read a pro or anti Castro speech- were either instructed to write or freely chose a perspective

37
Q

What did Jones and Harris find?

A

The external cause was still largely disregarded when perspective was freely chosen, and people preferred to make dispositional explanations even when they were instructed to write a perspective

38
Q

Who came up with the actor-observer bias?

A

Jones and Nisbett, 1972

39
Q

What is the actor-observer bias?

A

The tendency to see other people’s actions as internally caused and own as situationally caused even when explaining the same actions

40
Q

When were mostly external causes attributed?

A

When explaining own rudeness towards someone else

41
Q

When were mostly internal causes attributed?

A

To the person ourselves when explaining someone else’s rudeness towards ourselves

42
Q

What are self-serving biases?

A

We tend to make attributions that satisfy our desire for a favourable image of ourselves

43
Q

What are the three types of self-serving biases?

A

Self-enhancing bias, self-protecting bias, self-handicapping

44
Q

What is the self-enhancing bias?

A

We make internal attributions to our positive behaviours and successes

45
Q

What is the self-protecting bias?

A

We make external attributions to our negative behaviours and failures

46
Q

What is self-handicapping?

A

We make a public external attribution for anticipated failures or poor performance

47
Q

Who came up with the ultimate attribution error?

A

Pettigrew, 1979

48
Q

What is the ultimate attribution error?

A

The tendency to attribute bad outgroup and good ingroup behaviour internally, and to attribute good outgroup and bad ingroup behaviour externally

49
Q

What was involved in Taylor and Jaggi’s experiment?

A

Hindus described their own ingroup vs the outgroup (Muslims) who were either behaving in a positive or negative way

50
Q

What did Taylor and Jaggi find?

A

We make more internal attributions when explaining ingroup positive behaviour and less when explaining negative behaviour

51
Q

What does WEIRD research describe?

A

A lack of diversity in research

52
Q

What is psychology overly reliant on?

A

Studies with WEIRD participants

53
Q

What do WEIRD participants undermine?

A

Generalisability

54
Q

What does WEIRD stand for?

A

Western
Educated
Industrialised
Rich
Democratic

55
Q

What did Miller find about differences about attributions in individualistic vs collectivist cultures?

A

People initially don’t differ in the proportion of internal attributions between individualistic and collectivist cultures, but there was a clear difference by age 15

56
Q

What did Lee and Seligman find?

A

Self-serving bias is weaker in collectivist cultures

57
Q

Why is self-serving bias weaker in collectivist cultures?

A

Because collectivist cultures tend to focus more on the group

PSY1019 Social Psychology with Research Methods 1 (36 decks)

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